Many questions have been asked about the Presidio Heights sketch of the Zodiac Killer, in particular, why was the drawing amended in the wanted poster from October 13th 1969 to October 18th 1969 - and did Officer Donald Fouke have any involvement in the amended sketch? If he didn't, many people have asked, why then did the three teenagers change their description so radically from a 25-30 year old male in the first sketch, to a man described as 35-45 years of age in the second sketch? The short answer, is that they didn't. They had always described an older male in the descriptions they furnished. The assumption that the second sketch was a result of the teenagers unsure of their initial description, are unfounded. The description of a 25-30 year old male exiting the taxicab and walking up Cherry Street was never uttered from the lips of the three teenagers, and the proof lies in the Armond Pelissetti two page police report. 

The police report was dated 10/12/69 12:30 am on page one, and countersigned by Armond Pelissetti on page two, with a time and date stamp of Oct 12 6:29 am '69. In effect, the report was completed and ratified by the following morning. Obviously, this is before the first wanted poster was released on October 13th 1969. This report at no point mentions Officer Donald Fouke - and his signature is nowhere to be found on the report. That is because he never contributed to it whatsoever. How can we be sure?

The police report clearly states on page 2 that the "suspect was last seen walking north on Cherry Street, from Washington Street". There is no mention of the Zodiac Killer's  movements after this sighting. In other words, by 6:29 am on October 12th 1969, the sighting of a man by Officer Donald Fouke walking along Jackson Street was immaterial to this report. Otherwise, the report would have stated "suspect was last seen walking east on Jackson Street" - which it didn't. Here is the full statement on page 2:: "#2 SUSPECT: WMA, in his early forties, 5'8", heavy build, reddish-blond, crew cut hair. wearing eyeglasses, dark brown trousers, dark (navy blue or black) "Parka" jacket, dark shoes. Suspect should have many blood stains on his person and clothing, suspect may also be in possession of the keys to the Yellow Cab, possibly has wallet belonging to the victim. Last seen walking north on Cherry Street, from Washington Street". The only eyewitnesses that could possibly have viewed the suspect to our knowledge, before he exited Cherry Street were the three teenagers. Officer Donald Fouke hadn't even entered the picture yet.

​The above description of a white male in his early forties was given by the three teenagers before 6:29 am on the 12th October 1969, dispelling the notion they initially described him as aged between 25 and 30 years. Their description of a man in his early forties actually tallies with Officer Donald Fouke's memorandum submitted one month later, on November 12th 1969. In the memorandum he describes the suspect as a "WMA, 35-45 yrs, about 5'10", 180-200 lbs, medium heavy build, barrel chested, medium complexion, light colored hair possibly graying in rear, crew cut, wearing glasses. Dressed in dark blue waist length zipper type jacket (Navy or royal blue). Elastic cuffs and waist band zipped part way up. Brown wool pants pleated type baggy in rear (Rust brown)". The two descriptions near corroborate one another, totally debunking the conspiracy theories that depend on these two sightings being two different people.​

So why does the sketch, compiled from the recollections of the three teenagers say the suspect was 25-30 years? One could ask why does the description now say reddish-brown hair, when the police report states reddish-blond? Why does the wanted poster say the suspect sat in the front seat and directed Paul Stine to Washington and Laurel, when the trip sheet supposedly gave a destination of Washington and Maple? Why does the wanted poster invent the notion of a passenger who pulls a gun out and orders Paul Stine several blocks further? If we accept the credibility of 25-30 years, then why don't we accept the rest of this garbage on the wanted poster? The three teenagers certainly helped in the creation of the suspect composite, but that doesn't mean they played any part in the fantasy accompanying it - and that includes the age range. They had clearly contributed to the police report a day earlier, describing the suspect as somebody in his early forties, which not only is corroborated by Officer Donald Fouke, but a third party sighting by Spruce Street, near the Julius Khan playground. This was detailed in the Sunday San Francisco Chronicle below. This sighting described the suspect as "about 40". 

In summary, we have three independent sightings describing the features of the suspect as somebody in his "early forties, with a reddish-blond crewcut", followed by "35-45 years, with light colored hair in a crewcut" and finally "about 40, with a blond crewcut". There is a distinct possibility that the Zodiac Killer had light hair and was aged around 40.

The teenagers certainly helped compile the sketch, but because of its rather youthful appearance appearing to contradict their police report of a suspect in his early forties, law enforcement likely used some artistic license to reduce the age of the suspect in the wanted poster, more in line with the sketch created. A sketch that the teenagers asked to be modified a few days later in line with their earlier estimation. It is also important to consider that Michael Mageau estimated his attacker as 26-30 years on page 10 of the Blue Rock Springs police report, Michael stated "Subject was not blubbery fat, but real beefy, possibly 195-200, or maybe even larger. Stated he had short curly hair, light brown, almost blond. States he just saw subject's face from the profile, side view, and does not recall seeing a front view. Michael reemphasized that he really did not get a good look at subject other than his profile. Stated subject was a white male, approximately 26-30 years". Bryan Hartnell's recollections were stated on page 23 of the Lake Berryessa police report "Victim thought suspect was possibly 20 to 30 years of age by voice concept". These estimations of the suspect's age were based upon a fleeting side view glimpse by Michael Mageau, who was blinded by a flashlight, and the voice concept age range by Bryan Hartnell, which is not a reliable indicator of age.

Officer Donald Fouke had no input into either of the two wanted posters, which is absolutely astonishing, if you believe his superiors were aware that he had crossed paths with a man on Jackson Street, who he described almost identically to the suspect described in the police report. The fact that his description in the memorandum was extremely detailed, yet he wasn't asked to independently sit down with a sketch artist sometime between October 11th 1969 and November 12th 1969, beggars belief. How do we know he had no input?

In the 2007 Zodiac documentary he stated "One month later, when the composite drawing came out at Richmond Station and was posted on the wall, he looked similar to the man I had seen on October 11th. I then wrote a scratch, interdepartmental memorandum, to my lieutenant to forward to homicide division, so that they would have the additional information about the appearance of the suspect. I never spoke to Toschi that I personally know of or remember. He may have been the inspector that came out and asked me about the composite drawing and I told them the suspect was older and heavier".  Not the words of a man who played any part in the composite drawings released on October 13th and October 18th of 1969. For the life of me, I cannot understand why.

On December 16th 1969, the Zodiac Killer mailed a letter to the San Francisco Examiner from Fairfield, threatening "government life". Within the communication he compiled a list of potential "cop" targets (38 in total), claiming he would kill more people if his letter was not printed in the newspaper. In previous articles I have used geographic profiling to pinpoint where the Zodiac Killer most probably lived, based upon the crimes and telephone calls that he made. I wondered if the same could be achieved regarding something he hadn't done, but wanted to do. One would like to believe that the Zodiac Killer, in respect to his home residence, would choose murder sites based upon their accessibility to him. In other words, he would threaten to kill less, the further he traveled away from his home residence.

The Fairfield letter has a threatened kill count of 9 in Sacramento, 8 in Oakland, 8 in Napa, 6 in Vallejo, 3 in Fairfield, 3 in San Francisco and 1 in San Jose. This would suggest that San Jose would be his furthest commute to kill, with his residence at a reasonable traveling distance to Sacramento, Oakland, Napa and to a slightly lesser extent Vallejo. The letter itself was postmarked Fairfield, which is telling, because Sacramento to the northeast of Fairfield is 37 miles, while Oakland to the south is 34 miles. Fairfield to Napa is 14 miles, and to Vallejo is 15 miles. Therefore, Fairfield is fairly equidistant to the areas targeted in the letter the most (Sacramento, Oakland, Napa and Vallejo). The two furthest from Fairfield are targeted the least in terms of a proposed kill count (central San Francisco and San Jose, 39 and 63 miles respectively). Does this tell us anything about the Zodiac Killer's residence based upon the distance decay model of geographic profiling. Distance decay is a geographical term which describes the effect of distance on cultural or spatial interactions. The distance decay effect states that the interaction between two locales declines as the distance between them increases. Once the distance is outside of the two locales' activity space, their interactions begin to decrease. The Zodiac Killer would therefore attack less frequently the further he moved away from his residence and comfort zone. However, this is not what interested me regarding the Fairfield letter.  

If we take a look at Sacramento, Fairfield, Vallejo, Oakland and San Francisco - one thing stands out regarding these locales. These areas account for 29 of the 38 potential victims targeted in the Fairfield letter - and all are passed by Interstate 80.
"I-80 begins at an interchange with U.S. Route 101 (US 101) in San Francisco, and then crosses the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge into Oakland. It then heads northeast through Vallejo, Sacramento, and the Sierra Nevada mountains before crossing into Nevada" Wikipedia.. Was this commuter route integral to the movements of the Zodiac Killer, such as a profession or pastime? His early correspondence was mailed to San Francisco and Vallejo, with Fairfield accounting for two postmarks on December 7th 1969 and December 16th 1969. If we include the December 10th 1969 and December 11th 1969 paste-up letters, dubbed the "Cancer" and "Leo" communications, then these were mailed from Sacramento to Sacramento, and Fairfield to San Francisco respectively. These communications were spanning Sacramento to San Francisco, taking in Fairfield, Vallejo and Oakland along the way - the primary hit zones identified in the December 16th Fairfield letter. The only exception being Napa, positioned only 7 miles off route to Interstate 80 at its nearest point. We will call this geographic profiling of the future.  

Bringing together several articles to paint the entire picture, I would like to tell you a little story about San Jose and the major impact it had on the actions of the Zodiac Killer spanning just over two years. The attack on Bryan Hartnell and Cecelia Shepard at Lake Berryessa on September 27th 1969, inextricably linked to Debra Gaye Furlong (14) and Kathie Ann Snoozy (15), two young girls who were found murdered on August 3rd 1969 in the Bay Area of San Jose. The man ultimately convicted for these two murders in 1971, Karl Francis Werner, was the trigger behind the attack at Lake Berryessa. 

The Zodiac Killer had successfully murdered three and seriously injured one person by the time he mailed his trinity of July 31st 1969 letters to the San Francisco Chronicle, San Francisco Examiner and Vallejo Times-Herald. He then presented codebreakers with the extremely unusual challenge of deciphering three parts of one cipher from the hand of a serial killer, demanding that he receive front page coverage for his efforts. The three communications and three murders, in his mind, warranted the full attention of the American public when he wrote "Here is part of a cipher the other 2 parts of this cipher are being mailed to the editors of the Vallejo Times and SF Examiner. I want you to print this cipher on the front page of your paper. In this cipher is my idenity. If you do not print this cipher by the afternoon of Fry.1st of Aug 69, I will go on a kill ram-Page Fry. night. I will cruse around all weekend killing lone people in the night then move on to kill again, until I end up with a dozen people over the weekend".  

The two major news publications, the San Francisco Chronicle and Examiner, dismissed his demands by only publishing his offerings on page four and nine respectively. The Zodiac Killer's disdain was immediate, when on August 4th 1969 he presented us with his sinister pseudonym "This is the Zodiac Speaking" in a follow-up letter, that concluded with "I was not happy to see that I did not get front page coverage". But imagine his horror, when two days later the San Francisco Chronicle (August 6th 1969) ran a comprehensive front page article about the murders of Debra Gaye Furlong and Kathie Ann Snoozy in San Jose. Here is an excerpt:

The two young girls, found dead Sunday on a sun-parched San Jose hillside, appear to have been victims of a sexual psychopath, whose blood frenzy led him to "overkill". Dr. John E. Hauser, Santa Clara county's chief medical examiner and coroner, said yesterday that the girls, Deborah Gay Furlong, 14, and Kathy Snoozy, 15, died in a "frenzied flurry of knife-wounds" inflicted so swiftly that neither gave any evidence of having struggled against the attack. Dr. Hauser, so shaken by the brutality of the crime he could scarcely find words, said the Snoozy youngster had 150 wounds on her back, 50 on the front and a "storm" of punctures on her neck. Deborah's body had about 100 wounds on her back and upper front and a dozen on her neck. Dr. Hauser said he was "puzzled" by many aspects of the brutal slaying. He said neither girl had been sexually molested; neither had suffered any wounds below her waist, neither gave evidence of having struggled to escape. Only the Snoozy girl, he said, had one small mark on her hand, suggesting she may have tried vainly to deflect the plunging knife. The coroner said both girls must have died very quickly and he is investigating the possibility they may have been drugged before the stabbing began. Blood and skin samples as well as stomach contents have been sent for further examination to area laboratories, he said. The results should be known in a few days. It is Dr. Hauser's opinion that the multiple puncture wounds were inflicted by one or two small knives, the largest wound the size of a pocket knife with a half-inch blade. "I've never seen a case with this many stab wounds," Dr. Hauser said. "You know, I've been in this profession a long time and sometimes I think I'm rather callous, but when I saw these girls, believe me it was terrifying. "The Nazi sex mutilations during World War II were nothing compared to what was done to these young girls.     

The Zodiac Killer must have been incensed that despite his brutal murder of three people during the holiday season, followed by his cryptic correspondences, he failed to achieve front page coverage from the Chronicle or the Examiner, despite threatening another dozen victims over the weekend. The only difference, he must have surmised, was the method of attack and the horror that such an intimate attack with a bladed instrument on two young girls had engendered in the psyche of the newspapers and public at large. The Zodiac Killer knew at this moment he had to ratchet up his attacks and get up close and personal with the use of a knife. But this wouldn't be any ordinary attack - he would dress up in an executioner's costume and hunt for young girls armed with a 12-inch knife - not "a pocket knife with a half-inch blade". Although Karl Francis Werner's capture was two years in the making, he was the absent agent behind the attack on Bryan Hartnell and murder of Cecelia Shepard just seven weeks later. Without the murders of Debra Gaye Furlong and Kathie Ann Snoozy on August 3rd 1969, it can be argued the attack at Lake Berryessa would never have taken place.

No surprise then, that the Zodiac Killer wanted to outdo the August 3rd 1969 murders, by setting his sights on three young girls from Pacific Union College as they sunbathed on the shores of Lake Berryessa on September 27th 1969. Three murders with a 12-inch bladed knife would definitely have done the trick. But something clearly thwarted this attack and two hours later he focused in on Bryan Hartnell and Cecelia Shepard, determined not to be denied and secure his front page coverage. After the sixteen strikes into the young couple, he retreated and traveled back up the hill to lay claim to this attack as the Zodiac Killer. After writing the dates of his previous two attacks and this one on the car door of Bryan Hartnell, he emphasized the words "by knife" at the foot of the message. The Zodiac Killer was effectively saying "do I get front page coverage now". The brutal knife attack, he hoped, would get the recognition akin to the murders of Kathie Snoozy and Debra Furlong. Not only did he get the recognition, but it had an added benefit of the newspapers considering the possibility of his involvement in the Kathie Snoozy and Debra Furlong murders. This certainly didn't escape his attention.    

Six weeks later he duly obliged by slipping in "Aug" into his confirmed murder count when mailing the 'Dripping Pen card on November 8th 1969, bumping up his total to seven victims. The Lake Berryessa attack "by knife" had effectively secured him two more victims by association. But to cement his perceived involvement in the San Jose murders, he had to strike while the iron was hot.

On November 21st 1969 he mailed a threatening letter to the San Jose Police Department beginning with the words "There's no doubt I will do my Thing!". The letter initiated this response: 'For the information of the Bureau and Sacramento, after a cursory analysis, officers of the San Jose, California PD, believe widow in message may be Mrs (redacted), San Jose, California. San Jose PD instituting 24 hour surveillance on Mrs (redacted).' It is clear that this woman had some connection to the Snoozy and Furlong murders, and by the Zodiac Killer interjecting himself into the San Jose investigation, he was attempting to solidify the notion of his involvement in them. Bearing in mind this letter was mailed to the San Jose Police Department and their response to secure the woman's safety, it isn't too surprising that the Zodiac Killer would threaten to murder a San Jose policeman in the Fairfield letter mailed a month later, on December 16th 1969. The Zodiac Killer thought he had now successfully cemented his claim to the Snoozy and Furlong murders. His choice of switching from gun to knife had paid dividends. My guess, is he was banking on these murders never being solved.

Imagine the Zodiac Killer's dismay in late April of 1971, when his plans lay in tatters, upon the arrest of Karl Francis Werner for the April 11th 1971 murder of Kathy Bilek at Villa Montalvo in Saratoga, as well as the murders of Kathie Snoozy and Debra Furlong in San Jose two years earlier, on August 3rd 1969. The Zodiac Killer would eventually be exposed as a fraud - caught in the act of claiming somebody else's victims at last. He reacted forthwith, by mailing two communications to the San Francisco Chronicle in the middle of 1971. 

In the first, he was trying vainly to convince us that he was in fact the murderer of all three girls (Snoozy, Furlong and Bilek) by claiming that Karl Francis Werner was the fraud or phony. Paul Avery, arch nemesis of Zodiac, wrote an article on April 30th 1971 detailing the capture of Werner. The newspaper article stated "He (Werner) was immediately advised of his rights concerning any statements he may make and legal representation to which he is entitled, the detectives said. Werner was then taken to the scenes of the crimes. Late yesterday he was undergoing questioning. The detectives would not reveal what statements, if any, he had made concerning the killings of the three girls". 

The Zodiac Killer responded sometime after he read this article (probably in the month of May 1971), mailing a 148 character cipher stating "Tis the Zodiac Speacking. Why can't you stop me. I can't stop killing. Stop listening t(o) phonys. If this is not on your front page in a week I will skin 3 little kids and make a suit from the skin". In this correspondence he claimed his victim count was 21, by writing "I done it 21 times". This, in accordance with his claimed victim count of 17+ in the March 13th 1971 'Los Angeles' letter. We can ascertain that this communication was mailed around the middle of 1971, because he fired off a second correspondence a short time later. The correspondence about to be discussed was withheld from newspaper publication (as was the 148 character cipher), so the fact that both contained a victim count of 21 and mailed in close proximity to one another, should be enough to consider both being mailed by the Zodiac Killer. The second communication we will show, is not only trying to claim the murder of Kathy Bilek - again attempting to show that Karl Francis Werner was a phony - but is also linking itself to the murders of Snoozy and Furlong.    

On July 13th 1971 a pasted card was mailed to the San Francisco Chronicle with the words "Near Monticello Shought Victims 21 ...... In The Woods Dies April". Many have speculated on the location mentioned in the card as "Monticello" in Napa County, California, because of the Lake Berryessa attack on Bryan Hartnell and Cecelia Shepard on September 27th 1969. It has been further speculated on whether "April" was a woman's name or the month of the alleged murder. After a comprehensive review of all the information, I believe the woman's identity, labelled as victim number 21, can finally be revealed, along with the exact location of Monticello. 

On Sunday, April 11th 1971, Kathy Bilek (18) visited Villa Montalvo in Saratoga, having planned to read a paperback book (The Gabriel Hounds) and engage in a spot of bird watching​ in the seclusion of a remote, wooded portion of the park, near a small stream. Her body was found the next day by her father, Charles, while Santa Clara County Sheriff's deputies searched nearby. She had been stabbed 17 times in the back and 32 times in her chest and stomach, although her killer had taken care to avoid stabbing her breasts. Her murder was also attributed to Karl Francis Werner. Wikipedia. The brutal murder of Kathy Bilek would again be claimed by 'Zodiac', not only in the Monticello card, but in another Zodiac letter, also mailed to the San Francisco Chronicle just before the Monticello card. Kathy Bilek was murdered in "April", exactly as mentioned in the Monticello card, and "in the woods" at Villa Montalvo (a wooded section of the park). Saratoga is a city in Santa Clara County, California, United States. It is located on the west side of the Santa Clara Valley, directly west of San Jose, The appearance of San Jose once again. ​ ​

It was easy to get sidelined into believing Monticello was referring to Napa County, because the town was completely covered by Lake Berryessa, the site of Zodiac's third attack. However, the "Monticello" the author is referring to in the pasted card, is again in San Jose. Monticello is a neighborhood in San Jose, California, just over 9 miles east of Villa Montalvo, the site of Kathy Bilek's murder. ​In other words, the author of the card was saying "I killed Kathy Bilek near Monticello, in the Villa Montalvo woods in April". ​To view the proximity of Monticello to Villa Montalvo click here.

The Monticello card stated "Shought victims 21", referring to the Kathy Bilek murder, whereas, in the 148 character cipher, the author was claiming he had already "done it 21 times." The Monticello card was never released to the newspapers or public, so bearing in mind these two communications were both likely mailed at approximately the same time, there is a high probability they were mailed by the Zodiac Killer.

"I killed Kathy Bilek near Monticello, in the Villa Montalvo woods in April".
"Near Monticello Shought Victims 21 ...... In The Woods Dies April".

The ​November 8th 1969 'Dripping Pen' card would not be the only communication insinuating his involvement in the murder of Debra Gaye Furlong and Kathie Ann Snoozy, when the Monticello card arrived just over 20 months later, on July 13th 1971. The San Francisco Police Department had reason enough to place the Monticello card in 'suspected Zodiac correspondence' when searching for traces of DNA on potential Zodiac communications, indicating the high regard it was held in.

It is with little doubt that Karl Francis Werner was responsible for the murder of Debra Furlong, Kathie Snoozy and Kathy Bilek in 1969 and 1971, but the overarching question is, why did the Zodiac Killer describe the location of Kathy Bilek's body as "near Monticello"? The neighborhood of Monticello is 9 miles east of Villa Montalvo. Why did the Zodiac Killer choose to pinpoint this particular location, rather than any other neighborhood in between Monticello and Villa Montalvo? He could have pasted "near Willow Glen", "near Oster", "near Carlton", or any other location closer than Monticello. It is arguable that he chose this particular location for a specific reason.   ​

Tom Voigt, creator of the hugely successful Zodiackiller.com website has sought a potential Zodiac letter, described as the DMV letter. On his message board he stated "While I don't yet have as many details as I would like, at some point the Zodiac wrote a letter to the chairman of the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) in California. The letter was authenticated, apparently via handwriting, and was kept quiet for reasons unknown". None of the following can be definitively proven, but I will attempt to expand on this elusive correspondence based on the limited information we have, and use the propensity of the Zodiac Killer to respond to newspaper and magazine articles against him. We know he closely followed anything that was written about him and often replied in kind. With that said, it is possible the DMV letter was mailed to the chairman of the Department of Motor Vehicles because he read an article referencing this department. If the letter was addressed to the chairman, it is very likely the letter was addressed to the headquarters of the DMV in Sacramento. What we now have to do, is tie the Sacramento DMV to a Zodiac crime, or a crime claimed by Zodiac, written in a publication that the Zodiac Killer had reason to read - who subsequently got upset because it portrayed him as a liar and a fraud. It therefore follows, that it is highly unlikely to be a polite correspondence from the Bay Area killer. Based on the above, I believe the DMV letter was mailed in the October or November of 1971.

As early as November 8th 1969 the Zodiac Killer was claiming the murders Debra Gaye Furlong (14) and Kathie Ann Snoozy (15), who were found murdered on August 3rd 1969 in the Bay Area of San Jose. This was his "Aug" on the 'Dripping Pen' card. He would later insinuate his involvement in the murder of Kathy Bilek (18), murdered in the woods of Villa Montalvo in Saratoga, due west of San Jose. On July 13th 1971, a potential Zodiac communication arrived in the form of a pasted card. It read "Near Monticello Shought Victims 21 ...... In The Woods Dies April". The author of the card was detailing the murder of Kathy Bilek in the woods of Villa Montalvo on April 11th 1971, just 9 miles from the neighborhood of Monticello in San Jose. He chose this neighborhood because it encompassed the Oak Hill Memorial Park at 300 Curtner Avenue. The cemetery where the body of Kathie Ann Snoozy lay - and chosen to hint at the forename "Kathy", pertaining to Kathy Bilek.

​Assuming these communications were mailed by the Bay Area murderer, it would be fairly obvious that the Zodiac Killer was following the San Jose murders closely from August 3rd 1969, through his 'Dripping Pen' card of November 8th, to the eventual murder of Kathy Bilek, and up to his correspondences in the middle of 1971. Therefore, it would be no great surprise if he continued to monitor any newspaper or magazine articles regarding the murders of the three young females. ​

In October 1971, a magazine publication entitled 'True Detective' comprehensively featured the murders of Kathie Snoozy, Debra Furlong and Kathy Bilek, and the subsequent arrest of Karl Francis Werner. There is every chance the Zodiac Killer read this magazine article, compelling him to continue his contact with authorities regarding these murders.

One particular section about Kathy Bilek caught my eye - that may have been the reason why the Zodiac Killer wrote a letter to the chairman of the DMV in Sacramento. It stated "At about the same moment, Park Ranger Ken Williamson was informing a member of the investigative team that he, too, had noticed a tall, bespectacled young man who had been a frequent visitor at Villa Montalvo. He was a loner and had impressed the Villa's ranger staff with his almost furtive conduct, said Williamson. The ranger had jotted down the license number of the strange youth's auto. The license number was forwarded to the California Department of Motor Vehicles headquarters in Sacramento, the state's capital 150 miles to the north of San Jose. The information teletyped back from the registration bureau was that the auto was the property of a Karl Francis Werner, living at an address on Shawnee Lane in San Jose." 

The Zodiac Killer, having previously mailed two communications (Monticello card and 148 character cipher) referencing the murder of Kathy Bilek and the victim total of 21, may very likely have fired off a third communication, this time to the Department of Motor Vehicles in Sacramento after reading these two paragraphs. As this magazine article was published in October of 1971, the DMV letter may have been postmarked with the latter months of that year - possibly October, November or December. The compunction of the Zodiac Killer in claiming, or interjecting himself into the middle of these murders, may have been the driver behind his contact with the chairman of the DMV. The content of this communication is unknown, but I guess he is continuing the menacing theme of his previous two correspondences, suggesting the identification of the vehicle belonging to Karl Francis Werner is somehow another red herring and threatening more murder and mayhem.

Professor D.C.B. Marsh, in the October 22nd 1969 San Francisco Examiner newspaper article by Will Stevens, laid down a challenge to the Zodiac Killer to reveal his name. The newspaper stated "Dr Marsh told the Examiner today: "The killer wouldn't dare, as he claimed in letters to the newspapers, to reveal his name in the cipher to established cryptogram experts. He knows, to quote Edgar Allen Poe, that any cipher created by man can be solved by man. Zodiac has not told the truth in his cipher messages to the Examiner, the Chronicle and the Vallejo Times-Herald. Zodiac has not done this, because to tell the complete truth in relation to his name - in cipher code - would lead to his capture. I invite Zodiac to send The American Cryptogram Association a cipher code - however complicated - which will truly and honestly include his name". It is highly unlikely the Zodiac Killer would have been suckered into providing a genuine cipher of any length knowing that 'any cipher created by man can be solved by man'. The 13 and 32 symbol ciphers mailed in 1970 proved this very fact - both effectively crackproof without a recognizable key. However, the Zodiac could certainly have sent us a rudimentary message within the 340 cipher utilizing the wording contained within his 408 cipher.

Paradice and slaves is a well-trodden theme in the Zodiac communications, and as I have stated before, the Halloween card mailed on October 27th 1970 (almost the anniversary of the D.C.B. Marsh challenge) actually admitted that the 340 cipher was "sorry no cipher". The Zodiac Killer had never apologized previously for not sending a cipher in his 'cipherless' communications, so why start now. Even if the "sorry no cipher" writing on the envelope inner was to inform us that in about two seconds we had no cipher, then just write "sorry no cipher" once. The fact it was fashioned into a cross formation that mimicked the paradice and slaves configuration on the card inner, seemed designed to suggest that this configuration would be found in a cipher that effectively had no solution. The sheer fact that this configuration can also be found in his 340 cipher, exactly bisecting the cipher vertically and horizontally (17 by 17), one would like to believe is a convincing argument to suggest that the Zodiac Killer was finally admitting the 340 cipher wasn't a cipher at all. Additionally, it did mimic the 408 cipher with its inclusion of the paradice and slaves reference. Although this may be interesting, it understandably isn't enough to convince certain quarters of the Zodiac community who are steadfast in their belief that the 340 cipher contains a cogent but elusive message. Regardless, one couldn't help thinking that this wasn't the only time the Zodiac admitted the 340 cipher was devoid of any meaningful solution. Fortunately, the answer came in the communication prior to the Halloween card.  

If I am correct, and the paradice and slaves (13 letters) configuration was intentional in the design of the 340 cipher, then this is a significant point of interest. Two other notable features stand out in the 340 cipher. Firstly, the corrected sixth line where the Zodiac Killer blacks out a forward K and replaces it with a backward K. Secondly, the distinct possibility that he placed his pseudonym on the final line of the 340 cipher. All these three features are present in the '13 Hole' postcard.

Despite the fact that Zodiac made many spelling errors in his design of the 408 cipher and his communications as a whole, he seemed conscientious enough to correct one character in his 340 cipher, that inevitably would have made no difference in it being deciphered, had it contained a genuine solution. The fact he spoiled an otherwise neat and tidy presentation appeared designed to convince us that it was a genuine cipher. After all, why would Zodiac correct a collection of gibberish, if not to convince us it wasn't. The correction seemed contrived in order to validate the authenticity of the cipher, to which he would allude to in the '13 Hole' postcard.        

Many have speculated on why the Zodiac Killer reversed the bottom section of text on the '13 Hole' postcard. He certainly didn't do this for absolutely no reason, as he didn't create the "sorry no cipher" configuration for no reason either. The Zodiac Killer pasted the lettering "Fk I'm crackproof" on the '13 Hole' postcard in a first attempt at showing us the 340 cipher had no solution. The definition of crack-proof is something that is unable to be cracked, or in the case of a cipher, unable to be decoded. He used this word in his April 20th 1970 letter, sarcastically stating "This is the Zodiac speaking. By the way have you cracked the last cipher I sent you". He knew only too well that it hadn't been cracked, because it couldn't be cracked - and now was telling us it was crackproof by association to himself.

The Fk has been suggested as a shortened expletive or possibly a name - but what if we take it on face value, and the Fk actually means Fk and nothing more. It is like Ronseal and 'does exactly what it says on the tin'. The Zodiac Killer is essentially telling us that the corrected Fk on the 340 cipher was a ruse, because his cipher was crackproof. This is why the text on the '13 Hole' postcard is reversed, exactly the same as the reversed K on the 340 cipher. The K on the 340 cipher is not only reversed, but it is now much smaller than all the other characters on the 340 cipher, which is why the Zodiac Killer pastes "Fk I'm crackproof" rather than "FK I'm crackproof". ​ Crackproof, Fk and the reversal of text on the '13 Hole' postcard, coupled with the cross design of 13 (paradice and slaves), inevitably leads back to the 340 cipher. Either that, or he pasted "Fk I'm crackproof" upside down on the '13 Hole' postcard for no reason whatsoever.

What we effectively have, are two consecutive October 1970 communications stating ​"Fk I'm crackproof" and "sorry no cipher", both furnished with a cross design that mimics the appearance of paradice and slaves on the 340 cipher. It is my contention that the Zodiac Killer responded to the challenge of Professor D.C.B. Marsh, but he simply wasn't going to abide by the rules laid down by the cryptography expert, yet he stayed true to the paradice and slaves message in the 408 cipher, albeit in his own inimitable style. The paradice and slaves design in the 340 cipher (extending 17 rows down) still leaves the tantalizing prospect of three 'vacant' rows comprising of 51 unobstructed characters, that may harbor a second puzzle or message. With the Zodiac pseudonym almost appearing toward the end of the cipher, there may be a twist in the tail yet.       

The widely held consensus is that the Zodiac Killer wrote his last communication in 1971 during his first letter writing campaign, before returning to fire off another brief volley of four communications in 1974. For this to be the case, we would have to believe the Zodiac Killer, either willingly or through circumstances beyond his control, chose not to correspond with the newspapers to comment on The Zodiac Killer film directed by Tom Hanson released on April 7th 1971, or the Dirty Harry movie directed by Don Siegel and starring Clint Eastwood, released on December 23rd 1971. Yet, he returned from his hibernation after nearly three years because he was driven or felt compelled to comment on The Exorcist movie, describing it as "the best saterical comidy that I have ever seen". You would have thought he would have got his priorities in order.

The letter was effectively a mishmash of previous Zodiac tropes, but significantly, it mimicked his first ever letters to the San Francisco Chronicle, San Francisco Examiner and Vallejo Times-Herald on July 31st 1969. These 1969 letters threatened to go on a "kill rampage" over the weekend if his ciphers were not published on the front page of the respective newspapers. The Exorcist letter mailed on January 29th 1974 was identical, threatening that if his note was not published in the paper he would do something nasty which you knew he was capable of doing. The only thing synonymous with the Zodiac Killer that we knew he was capable of doing, was "to kill". This logically should be the conclusion. Therefore, it makes perfect sense, that the strange collection of characters at the foot of the Exorcist letter should be able to be rearranged to the spell the verb "to kill". This is exactly what Kevin Robert Brooks, author of the upcoming book The Montana Connection, discovered several years ago - and it is the logical extension to the passage above it. Whether or not the Exorcist letter was written by the Zodiac Killer is another matter entirely. 

The San Francisco Chronicle placed this letter in their newspaper on January 31st 1974 under the title 'Zodiac Mystery Letter-the First Since 1971', but crucially omitted and whitewashed the strange Asian characters from their publication, meaning that any follow-up letters pertaining to this disguised message could be verified as likely originating from the same author. In other words, if a follow-up letter made a point of highlighting the verb "to kill", then they were likely the author of the Exorcist letter also. All the San Francisco Chronicle and law enforcement had to do, was to look at any highlighted word in the subsequent letter/s and ascertain whether this word could be created using the Exorcist symbols or characters. If it could, then it's highly likely the two letters had the same author. This is exactly what happened only five days after the Exorcist letter was mailed, and only three days after the San Francisco Chronicle omitted the Asian characters from their publication.

On February 3rd 1974 (the day before the Patty Hearst kidnapping) somebody mailed the SLA. letter to the San Francisco Chronicle from Los Angeles, with the whole communication focused on introducing us to the verb "to kill" in the Old Norse language. Sla in Old Norse can be inferred as "kill", to which the author of this communication claimed. Sla in Old Norse means "to strike" or "to smite". The archaic use of the word "smite" as shown by the Merriam-Webster dictionary defines "smite" as to kill or severely injure. In Wiktionary it is shown as the ability to strike down or kill with deadly force. So (in archaic usage like Old Norse) "sla" means "smite", and "smite" is used as "kill". Here is a PDF of Old Norse from York University, compiled by Ross G. Arthur. 

The SLA. communication finished off the message by highlighting the word "kill", exactly as the Exorcist letter had done just 5 days earlier. Furthermore, the SLA. letter began its introduction with "Dear" and signed off with "a friend". This is important, because 7 days later the real Symbionese Liberation Army mailed a letter to the Hearst family on February 10th 1974, beginning their correspondence with "Dear" and ending the communication with "A friend". Uncanny that. 

So, did the Zodiac Killer reappear from his slumber after nearly three years to critique the Exorcist film for our benefit, and tell us that "sla" (Symbionese Liberation Army) was the Old Norse word for "kill" to expand our foreign language skills? ​Or, is it more likely the Symbionese Liberation Army wrote the February 3rd 1974 SLA. letter one day before the kidnapping of Patricia Campbell Hearst and referenced the Symbionese Liberation Army within their own communication? Then just happened to mail another letter only 7 days later writing "Dear" and "A friend", exactly mimicking their previous one. It seems the Exorcist letter is beyond reproach, so I guess the.legend lives on.

There is a significant number of people who believe the Lake Berryessa attack on Bryan Hartnell and Cecelia Shepard was not the Zodiac Killer, rather an impostor or fraud masquerading as the Bay Area murderer. Despite the overwhelming evidence this attack was by the hand of the Zodiac Killer, the ever grandiose theories of a copycat or 'newspaper driven' conspiracy keep filling the message boards. If you believe the Lake Berryessa murderer was an impostor, then it is reasonable to assume that you also believe the October 27th 1970 'Halloween' card was the same impostor. The murderer of Cecelia Shepard wrote on the car door of Bryan Hartnell's vehicle, finishing his message with the immortal words "by knife". This phrase was withheld from the newspapers and wasn't known by the time the 'Halloween' card was mailed. Since the author of the 'Halloween' card wrote the phrase "by knife" within his communication and selected imagery of a an eye peering from behind a tree with the additional phrase "peek-a-boo you are doomed", it seems rather logical that the author is referring to Lake Berryessa and his escapade of vanishing behind a tree, before reemerging in his masked costume. Unless of course, he just guessed the phrase "by knife" withheld from the newspapers, by simultaneously discovering a Tim Holt comic book with the exact phrase around a death wheel. This impostor is rather a lucky chap.

​This impostor would then discover the workings of the unbroken 340 cipher, writing "sorry no cipher" on the envelope inner of the 'Halloween' card, despite the fact (to our knowledge) that nobody at this juncture had noticed that the paradice and slaves configuration on the card was also present on the 340 cipher, bisecting it at its center both horizontally and vertically. Not only had this impostor accidentally stumbled across the withheld "by knife" in the Tim Holt comic book, but he had also told us the puzzle contained in the 340 cipher. By writing "sorry no cipher" in the same style as paradice and slaves, he was effectively linking the two and stating that the unbroken 340 character cipher contained the configuration paradice and slaves within its design.

This links the apparent impostor to the Lake Berryessa attack, the 'Halloween' card and the 340 cipher. It is rather amazing that the impostor not only found the hidden "by knife" on the car door by inadvertently thumbing through his comic book collection just prior to the 'Halloween' card, but he found it around a death wheel that he could conveniently transfer and place it around the paradice and slaves configuration on the card. Even more fortunate, was the real Zodiac Killer had apparently allowed the option of paradice and slaves within the design of the 340 cipher, placing the word "by" accidentally in all four quadrants to equally mimic the 'Halloween' card. It is rather more logical to conclude that the designer of the 'Halloween' card also designed the 340 cipher - and because of "by knife", was the perpetrator of the September 27th 1969 Lake Berryessa attack. If you believe the Lake Berryessa attack was an impostor and not Zodiac, then by extension you have to believe the designer of the 340 cipher was the same impostor. 

​If the impostor created the 340 cipher, then he mailed the 'Bus Bomb' letter also. The 'Bus Bomb' communication was mailed in tandem with the 340 cipher and contained the same victim count of 7 in the passage "This is the Zodiac speaking up to the end of Oct I have killed 7 people". It also contained "Oct" in the same fashion as the writing on the 'Dripping Pen' card. Most people are in agreement that the 340 cipher/'Dripping Pen' card and 'Bus Bomb' letter were mailed by the same author. But if an impostor created the 340 cipher, he also sent the 'Bus Bomb' letter containing a piece of Paul Stine's blooded shirt from the October 11th 1969 taxicab murder. By extension therefore, the impostor must be responsible for the murder of Paul Stine and the October 13th 1969 letter. Furthermore, he must be responsible for the December 20th 1969 'Melvin Belli' letter, which also contained a swatch of Paul Stine's shirt. The bottom line being that, if you believe the Lake Berryessa attack to be an impostor, then you have to believe the Paul Stine murder wasn't Zodiac either, along with five other communications that include the October 13th 1969 mailing, the 340 cipher and 'Bus Bomb' letters, the 'Melvin Belli' letter and finally the 'Halloween' card. You cannot have one without the others. The logical conclusion is that the entirety were mailed by the Zodiac Killer, who was responsible for four attacks in the Bay Area. But no doubt, this will be far too boring a conclusion, in a case where facts seem to no longer matter anymore.

In a previous article we explored the concept of geographic profiling with respect to the Zodiac Killer, using search cost percentages to highlight the possible home location of the Bay Area murderer. Therefore, I thought it appropriate to look at the geographic profiling prediction applied to an already convicted serial killer, that of Dennis Rader (BTK). Some people have actually touted Dennis Rader as the infamous Zodiac Killer because of their propensity for writing poems, making phone calls and mailing letters to the newspapers and radio stations. So this geographic profile is more pertinent to the advocates of Dennis Rader as the cryptic killer.

Dennis Rader was responsible for 10 murders and 7 attacks from 1974 to 1991, that included in chronological order the Otero family, Kathryn Bright, Shirley Vian, Nancy Fox, Marine Hedge, Vicki Wegerle and Dolores E. Davis. He was eventually arrested near his home in Park City, Wichita on February 25th 2005. Below I have placed his murders on a map of Wichita and highlighted his home residence and the Christ Lutheran Church where he was president of the church council. The distances on the map show that he never ventured more than 9 miles from his home residence, and for the most part (except for two of his last three murders) gave himself a buffer zone of at least 6.27 miles for five of his attacks. The murders of Marine Hedge and Dolores E. Davis much closer to his home residence. The hot zone, represented by a search cost of 0% is shown by the large red dot on the map. This hot zone, predicted as where Dennis Rader most likely lived, was in the College Hill District of Wichita, exactly 7.50 miles from his home residence at 6220 Independence Street, Park City (subsequently bulldozed). His residence had a search cost of about 15% on a scale of 0 to 100%. So this would be described as a fairly warm zone.

Suspects are ranked based on their search cost—the percentage of the map searched before reaching the suspect’s anchor point. The search is conducted from the highest point of probability to the lowest; therefore, the lower the search cost, the more viable the suspect. If the geographic profile is accurate, the offender will have a low search cost. In the case of search cost, “map” refers to only the portion of the profile containing the crime scenes. As a result, suspects can have a search cost greater than 100%, which means a space larger than the area containing the crime scenes would have to be searched before reaching their anchor point. link. Here is a link to the Dennis Rader geoprofile using the Kim Rossmo model. geographicprofile.com. 

It has been stated that a serial killer will often commit his first murders in his comfort zone, implementing a buffer zone between the sites of his attacks and his home residence. In the case of Dennis Rader, his first two attacks were that of the Otero family and Kathryn Bright, 7.43 miles and 6.27 miles from his home residence. All but two of Dennis Rader's murders were perpetrated on a weekday. The Otero family were murdered on a Tuesday and Kathryn Bright was murdered on a Thursday - which is extremely relevant to the Zodiac Killer's first two attacks at Lake Herman Road and Blue Rock Springs Park, both perpetrated on a Friday. If Dennis Rader and the Zodiac Killer had worked that day, you have to consider the time constraints and expect the murders to be closer to their residence compared to a weekend, when they have greater freedom to travel.

So, if the Zodiac lived in one of the hot zones just east of American Canyon, let us compare the distances Zodiac would have traveled to his first two attack sites. As the crow flies, Lake Herman Road is 8.00 miles from American Canyon, wheres Blue Rock Springs Park is 4.77 miles. Compare this to the 7.43 miles and 6.27 miles traveled by Dennis Rader for his first two attacks. In total (both attacks) Dennis Rader traveled 13.70 miles. If the Zodiac Killer lived in American Canyon, he would have traveled a total of 12.77 miles (a difference of just 0.93 miles). The Zodiac Killer and Dennis Rader both sought the attention of the newspapers and media, but can both be compared using the Rigel software system of geographic profiling?       

While discussing the September 25th 1990 Celebrity Cypher in an earlier article on this site, Rubislaw32 discovered the identity of the postcard, described by Zodiac researcher Lyndon Lafferty as "Driftwood on Ocean Beach", whereas the face of the card featured a rooted tree on a beach in Carmel, California. Any doubt that this discovery by Rubislaw32 was not of Carmel Beach in California has been seemingly quashed, when the John Hinde alphanumeric publishing code in the top left corner of the address side, was compared to the alphanumeric publishing code on the original Celebrity Cypher mailed to the Vallejo Times-Herald in 1990. This discovery is now available on the Project MK Zodiac website here.      

The address side of the original 1990 Celebrity Cypher contained the alphanumeric code 2CG 66-B, as did the Carmel postcard on the left, effectively tying the two together and strengthening the case regarding the image portrayed on the face of the postcard. If anybody has information to the contrary in respect to these alphanumeric codes, please let me know in comments. The only thing left to speculate upon, was whether the 1990 Celebrity Cypher was authored by the Zodiac Killer or somebody attempting to mimic the Zodiac Killer.

There have been numerous theories put forward, including from Sandy Betts, who has expressed her reservations on whether the Celebrity Cypher has Carmel Beach on the face of the card. She believes there may be a connection to the John and Joyce Swindle murder, alongside Ocean Beach, San Diego on February 5th 1964. She stated on Zodiac Killer Site forum "On Wednesday, February 5, 1964, Navy radio-man third class Johnny Ray Swindle and his newlywed wife Joyce were violently murdered along the "Ocean Beach" Boardwalk next to the Silver Spray Apartments. Swindle had married his childhood sweetheart on January 18, 1964 and they stayed in a three room cottage nine blocks from where they would eventually be slain. According to the San Diego Union Newspaper, five shots were fired from the sniper position above. Police said two more were fired at close range. Indicating that the killer fired the last two shots into their heads in a kind of coup de grâce. Their murder case remains unsolved to this day, however, there are many persons who believe the murders were committed by the infamous Zodiac Killer". She further elaborated on Zodiac Killer Forumotion "The "Ocean Beach" that I believe it is was, is in San Diego Ca. I knew about two murders there on Feb. 5th 1964. They were John and Joyce Swindle. The stamp that was used backs up what I believe. The stamp is of Marianne Moore who died on Feb. 5th 1972, I do not think that was coincidence". Here is an image from Google maps from Carmel Beach showing the location represented on the Celebrity Cypher. Here is another. 

The Zodiac Killer began his cipher mailings to the Vallejo Times-Herald on July 31st 1969, to which he mailed part one of a three-part cipher to Bay Area newspapers. So this 1990 offering in ciphertext (if Zodiac) would mean the only two confirmed mailings to the Vallejo Times-Herald would both have contained code. The characters of the code are certainly recognizable, but not difficult to replicate for anybody who knows something about the Zodiac Killer. The Bay Area murderer gloried in his narcissism, parading himself in an executioner's costume at Lake Berryesssa on September 27th 1969, so designing a postcard based on  the Celebrity Ciphers of Luis Campos would not be beyond him. These ciphers were published regularly in the newspapers featuring well-known people, past and present. The reader had to identify the person and quote from the encoded text. The idea that the Zodiac Killer, deeming himself a celebrity, would then tease us a further time with his name, is not so far-fetched. 

You can see that the foot of the Luis Campos cipher solution on the right is reserved for the celebrity's name (in this case, John Lee Hooker). Bearing in mind the positioning of the characters shown above, with the left side of the postcard normally reserved for the name and address - and with the final 5 and 8 characters identical to the beginning of the cipher, we should expect the red rectangles to contain the name of the postcard author. The blue rectangle to contain the address and the green rectangle to harbor the message. If this were the Zodiac Killer, being the celebrity that he is, what better way to encipher this message with one of his old quotes.

The communication that most springs to mind when we are attempting to discover the name of the Zodiac Killer, is the April 20th 1970 "My Name Is" 13 symbol cipher. That being 2 letters, followed by 4 letters, followed by 2 letters and finally his name of 13 letters (split into forename and surname). Well look at that. The 1990 Celebrity Cipher ends in a formation of 2, 4, 2 and 13. This was a Zodiac quote so good, they even named the correspondence after it. But what about the first four words in the Celebrity Cypher message. What Zodiac communication was this chosen from?

Bearing in mind Pam Huckaby (sister of murdered Darlene Ferrin) appeared on a TV celebrity panel with Robert Graysmith just a few weeks earlier, one could envisage an introduction of "to Pam from me" or "to you from me", followed by the promise of a name. This is obviously assuming there is a second letter obscured by the stamp. He teased us similarly in the October 27th 1970 'Halloween' card stating "you ache to know my name. And so I'll clue you in", and in the 408 cipher with "in this cipher is my idenity". But he always failed to deliver. If the 1990 Celebrity Cypher was truly by the Zodiac Killer, his name should be 5 and 8 letters in length, mirroring the '13 Symbol' cipher - but forgive me for being skeptical.

The Bay Area murderer mailed three communications in total to the San Francisco Chronicle, San Francisco Examiner and Vallejo Times-Herald on July 31st 1969, demanding that his ciphers be printed on the front page of the respective newspapers by Friday afternoon (August 1st). This is what he wrote to each newspaper after stating several facts about his crimes.

Vallejo Times-Herald - Here is a cyipher or that is part of one. the other 2 parts have been mailed to the S.F. Examiner + the S.F. Chronicle I want you to print this cipher on your frunt page by Fry Afternoon Aug 1-69, If you do not do this I will go on a kill ram page Fry night that will last the whole week end. I will cruse around and pick of all stray people or coupples that are alone then move on to kill some more untill I have killed over a dozen people.

San Francisco Examiner - Here is a cipher or that is part of one. The other 2 parts are being mailed to the Vallejo Times + S.F. Chronicle I want you to print this cipher on the frunt page by Fry afternoon Aug 1-69. If you do not print this cipher, I will go on a kill rampage Fry night. This will last the whole weekend, I will cruse around killing people who are alone at night untill Sun Night or un till I kill a dozen people.

San Francisco Chronicle - Here is part of a cipher the other 2 parts of this cipher are being mailed to the editors of the Vallejo Times and SF Examiner. I want you to print this cipher on the frunt page of your paper. In this cipher is my idenity. If you do not print this cipher by the afternoon of Fry.1st of Aug 69, I will go on a kill ram-Page Fry. night. I will cruse around all weekend killing lone people in the night then move on to kill again, until I end up with a dozen people over the weekend. 

In a previous article we examined the present and past tense usage in the three letters, along with the stamps applied to the envelope, to make the case for the Zodiac Killer being a Vallejo resident. The following will be nothing groundbreaking, but examines the phrases and grammar used by the author to paint a picture of the subject when considering his identity. The Zodiac Killer threatened chaos over the weekend if his codes were not published on the front page of the papers. Unfortunately for him, the main two publications refused to bow to his threats. On August 2nd 1969, the San Francisco Chronicle under the title Coded Clue in Murders placed one-third of his cipher on page 4, while the San Francisco Examiner under the banner Vallejo Mass Murder Threat Fails (despite publishing the entire cipher) relegated it to page 9 on August 3rd 1969. This lowly showing in the San Francisco Examiner clearly upset the Zodiac Killer the most, when he hurriedly delivered by hand the August 4th 1969 'Debut of Zodiac' letter to the Examiner, stating "I was not happy to see that I did not get front page coverage". Putting aside the December 16th 1969 'Fairfield' letter (which many dispute), he never wrote to the San Francisco Examiner again.  

In a recent article we discussed the topic of geographic profiling to narrow the search field for an offender's home residence. Equally, the wording used by the Zodiac Killer in his communications may also help pinpoint a location, or at the very least give us an insight into his comfort zone or movements. Target or Victim Backcloth is the model by which a murderer may select his victims. The Zodiac Killer (wherever he lived) would have selected his victims dependent upon availability and location, along with the constraints of time and the day of the week. For a serial killer committing his crimes in Vallejo, his knowledge of the Target Backcloth may govern the types of individual he chooses. This seemed evident in his choice of couples parked up in lonely areas on December 20th and July 4th.

His communications to the San Francisco Chronicle, San Francisco Examiner and Vallejo Times-Herald exemplified this knowledge of a Target Backcloth perfectly, when he only threatened to kill couples in his address to the Vallejo Times-Herald (or stray people). He knew exactly where to find them, despite the fact it was highly unlikely he would continue to kill in the same area again. The Zodiac Killer never used the word couples in his address to the San Francisco Chronicle and Examiner, suggesting that his knowledge of the Target Backcloth was less comprehensive and more uncertain in this city- and why at San Francisco he would target a lone taxicab driver rather than target the location, as he did at Lake Herman Road and Blue Rock Springs. As Kim Rossmo stated  "The San Francisco murder differs significantly from the Zodiac's other crimes. Up to this point he was hunting in locations that had a good probability of containing his desired victims. Target selection was a function of area, not of an individual. However, it is unlikely the Zodiac was successful in all his searches; serial killers typically engage in extensive hunting activities, and for every attack there are many unsuccessful search attempts. In San Francisco, however, the Zodiac controlled the situation through his selection of victim type. The need for such control could be indicative of the distance the Zodiac had to travel to the crime site. Criminals who travel longer distances to offend are less likely to use uncertain target selection techniques".  

The Zodiac Killer wrote of ​"killing lone people in the night" or "killing people who are alone at night" to the Chronicle and Examiner, which is exactly what he did just over two months later on October 11th 1969, when Paul Stine was brutally gunned down inside his taxicab at Presidio Heights. The target selection began with the individual not the location. He then directed Paul Stine to an area to facilitate his best chance of escape. A Target Backcloth requires knowledge of an area and will govern to some extent the victims chosen, as displayed by some serial killers who target sex workers.   

It was considered that if the Zodiac Killer lived in Vallejo, he likely had a 9-5, Monday to Friday profession, based upon the fact, that when constrained by time he murdered close to home on a Friday, but unconstrained (on his day off), he was able to venture further afield to San Francisco and Lake Berryessa. He admitted as much in all the July 31st 1969 communications.

"I will go on a kill ram-Page Fry. night. I will cruse around all weekend" and "I will cruse around killing people who are alone at night untill Sun Night". The Zodiac Killer may potentially be limited in searching for courting couples on weekdays, but certainly not for lone victims in San Francisco, Vallejo or elsewhere Yet he has specifically tied himself to murder within the parameters of Friday night to Sunday night in these letters, and therefore highly suggestive he is employed on a weekday basis. 

The Brentingham model of geographic profiling details an activity space where an individual lives, works and plays. The Zodiac Killer targeted the San Francisco Chronicle, San Francisco Examiner and Vallejo Times-Herald in his first communications to the newspapers, indicating that Vallejo and San Francisco were his primary sites of travel. He most likely lived and worked in both. The newspapers he chose and the location he lived, part of his mental map, exhibited to its fullest extent when he subconsciously used the present and past tense in his three July 31st 1969 letters 

The Zodiac Killer - A Vallejo Resident [Part 2]​   

We will take a look at the Riverside murder of Cheri Jo Bates on October 30th 1966 strictly from the perspective of the vehicle used by the killer, obviously presuming he had used one that evening. Robert Graysmith made an unusual reference in his book 'Zodiac Unmasked' stating "Cheri Jo checked out three books from the local college library. Though her friends were at the small, cramped library between 7:15 pm and 8:57 pm, none recalled seeing her there. At 9.00 pm when the archives closed, she returned to her car to discover the engine would not catch. And here she had been working part-time at the Riverside National Bank. Parked behind her car was a Tucker Torpedo that had not been there before". 
Robert Graysmith would claim nobody recalled seeing Cheri Jo Bates in the cramped library between 7:15 pm and 8:57 pm, but somehow he surmised she had returned to her vehicle at 9:00 pm, where a Tucker Torpedo was observed parked directly behind her Volkswagen Beetle. This obviously flies in the face of everything we know about her movements that night. Robert Graysmith clearly embellished many sections of his book, blurring the line between fact and fiction, but to pluck a Tucker Torpedo out of thin air for no apparent reason, could suggest a semblance of truth - particularly when we consider only 51 Tucker Torpedo's were ever made before the company folded in 1949. Also, based on the very small production of this vehicle, it may be extremely likely that this vehicle was mistaken for an altogether more common make of car.      

Although the front end grill is different, it is conceivable that the person who originated the Tucker Torpedo sighting was an attendee at the Riverside City College library on that fateful night and gave this description to police during the library reconstruction on November 13th 1966. A young student, more familiar with current day automobiles, could easily have made an error in identifying a vehicle 18 years old. Parked behind Cheri Jo Bates' vehicle in relative darkness, the Studebaker vehicle shown above exhibits similarities to the Tucker Torpedo. This vehicle parked facing westwards toward the library entrance would most likely have been observed from its front end as students were leaving the library annex. The sheer fact this vehicle was highlighted by Robert Graysmith is of particular interest when we consider the sighting of a 1947-1952 Studebaker on Riverside Avenue on the evening of the murder.    

After the library reconstruction an article appeared in the Daily Enterprise on November 1966. It stated "Detectives investigating the murder of Cheri Bates are looking for a car almost identical to this one. Police say a 1947-52 model Studebaker with light-colored, oxidized paint was parked on Riverside avenue just south of Terracina about 7 p.m. on the night that the Riverside City College freshman was stabbed to death. Detectives said a recent re-enactment of the murder at the college campus provided this information. They ask anyone who knows of a car similar to this one, used by police to stage this photograph, to contact the Police Department".

Although it is possible this information was given by a student attending the library reconstruction, Riverside Avenue sat just around the corner from Terracina Drive in 1966, and it is possible that this vehicle would not have been noticed by a student as anything suspicious at around 7:00 pm while passing a random vehicle parked on a street. I took a cursory look into Riverside Avenue on street view in Google maps and discovered this is a fairly affluent and scenic road, with properties in the order of $400,000. The very place that a homeowner would notice an old oxidized vehicle sitting outside their property for any length of time. Had they read the Daily Enterprise in November, it is certainly feasible they had contacted the Riverside Police Department and shared this information of a suspicious, out of place vehicle sitting idle for a noticeable time period. If this were the same vehicle parked behind Cheri Jo Bates' vehicle just two hours later, misidentified as a Tucker Torpedo (built in the same time frame of the 40s), then this is at the very least noteworthy. The Studebaker was described as a 1947-1952 model, suggesting the person who described the vehicle knew their cars. This may add weight to a resident of Riverside Avenue, with a decent income and more mature in years, being knowledgeable enough to specify the exact years of 1947-1952 when the Studebaker Champion third generation was manufactured in a completely redesigned fashion.  

These sightings would not necessarily be significant, if it wasn't for the fact of an earwitness to the murder of Cheri Jo Bates later that night, described in the newspapers as "a neighbor who heard an 'awful scream' between 10.15 and 10.45 pm, and then about two minutes of silence, and finally the sound of an old car starting up." They obviously felt it significant enough to describe the vehicle as an "old car", which ordinarily wouldn't catch the attention, but for the two previous sightings mentioned by Robert Graysmith and the witness in the Daily Enterprise newspaper. The final thing to examine, is whether this brief audible recollection of an old vehicle starting up approximately two minutes after the scream, tallies with the location of the old vehicle (Tucker Torpedo or Studebaker) parked behind Cheri Jo Bates' lime green Volkswagen Beetle.  

As shown in the diagram above, we can see that if the murderer parked his vehicle behind the Volkswagen Beetle, then he had a 325 foot journey back to his vehicle after leaving the crime scene. Average walking pace is approximately 4.5 feet per second, so we will raise this to 5.0 feet per second for somebody leaving the scene of a crime. Our perpetrator should take about 70 seconds to reach his vehicle just beyond the Volkswagen Beetle. We will now use the 'Confession' letter mailed on November 29th 1966 (assuming it was typed by the killer) to determine the time period from the scream to when he departed the crime scene. It stated "She let out a scream once and I kicked her in the head to shut her up. I plunged the knife into her and it broke. I then finished the job out cutting her throat". This suggests that after Cheri Jo Bates had screamed, she was thrown to the ground, where the perpetrator performed three actions [1] Kicked her in the head [2] Plunged the knife into her back (the only wound to the rear of her body), and [3] cut her throat. Allowing approximately 20 seconds to achieve what he stated, he proceeds to walk the 70 seconds to his vehicle. To enter his vehicle and start the engine roughly another 20 seconds. The total time elapsed from the scream to the engine starting is now approximately 110 seconds, or 1 minute and 50 seconds, exactly matching the "about two minutes of silence" described by the earwitness close to the alleyway. This would corroborate the unknown eyewitness who described an old 40s vehicle parked behind the Volkswagen Beetle of Cheri Jo Bates.   

If all these three vehicles described are actually one and the same, it is then a matter of formulating the movement of this vehicle between the 7:00 pm and 9:00 pm sighting. Did the killer park his vehicle a distance from the library and walk to the Riverside College to disable Cheri Jo Bates Volkswagen Beetle, thereby reducing the chances of his vehicle being noticed by passing library traffic, only getting into position closer to the time the library closed? Did he drive to the library briefly (before 7:15 pm), disable her vehicle and then drive away (parking up at various locations in the vicinity, such as Riverside Avenue), before returning into position to be the first 'good Samaritan' to offer Cheri Jo Bates his help? There could be any number of possibilities. There is every chance these vehicles are completely irrelevant to the murder of the young college student, but with so little to go on, it is certainly worthy of consideration.     

With the search for the infamous Zodiac Killer through DNA looking ever more threadbare, one very much overlooked tool in locating our offender is the 'science' of geographic profiling pioneered by Canadian criminologist Kim Rossmo, who utilizes the software geo-profiling tool Rigel to analyze the likely home residence of the Zodiac Killer. Rigel uses an algorithm called criminal geographic targeting (CGT) to identify hot and cold zones on a map and give the areas that our killer may (or may not) likely reside. In the case of the Zodiac Killer, it would take into account such things as the murder sites, phone calls, commuter routes, and geographic profiling models such as buffer zone, comfort zone, least effort principle, mental map, target backcloth and distance decay function. As Kim Rossmo points out, this is an accompaniment to law enforcement to narrow the pool of suspects, but takes a back seat to powerful forensic evidence. However, with limited forensic evidence available from the Zodiac crimes, this appears our best bet to narrow down the home location of our killer before venturing outwards. Searching for suspects the length and breadth of California is a thankless task, with many researchers identifying a potential suspect and ultimately layering weak circumstantial evidence upon weak circumstantial evidence, until they become convinced the totality of the evidence should now be reclassified as powerful and irrefutable proof of their suspect's guilt. There is a tendency to fit the suspect around the evidence, rather than let the evidence be the driver. 

Kim Rossmo stated: ​​"The San Francisco murder differs significantly from the Zodiac's other crimes. Up to this point he was hunting in locations that had a good probability of containing his desired victims. Target selection was a function of area, not of an individual. However, it is unlikely the Zodiac was successful in all his searches; serial killers typically engage in extensive hunting activities, and for every attack there are many unsuccessful search attempts. In San Francisco, however, the Zodiac controlled the situation through his selection of victim type. The need for such control could be indicative of the distance the Zodiac had to travel to the crime site. Criminals who travel longer distances to offend are less likely to use uncertain target selection techniques. In respect to the killer's home residence, he continued "There's a number of possibilities. But remember, Rancho Vallejo was possibly 26,000 people at that time, of which only 13,000 will be male, and only a certain proportion of those are of the correct age, and a certain portion of those are only going to be white. Then we start looking at the neighborhoods involved, we have a pretty small subset. Then we start combining that with some of the personal and behavioral descriptors, and then we work in the vehicle information. If this case was active today, it would not be too difficult to find this person." 

There is an excellent interactive online tool that has generated geo-profiling heat maps for killers such as Jack the Ripper, Dennis Rader (BTK), Atlanta Child Murders, Golden State Killer, Night Stalker, Yorkshire Ripper, Long Island Serial Killer and more. It can be found here at geographicprofiler.com. The Kim Rossmo heat map for the Zodiac Killer is located here. 
You can toggle the geoprofile using the sidebar to remove the heat map and identify the locations underneath the color. The red color is the most likely residence of the Zodiac Killer, with a graded scale to the least likely areas of purple and beyond. This is classified as a percentage search cost (link) - Suspects are ranked based on their search cost—the percentage of the map searched before reaching the suspect’s anchor point. The search is conducted from the highest point of probability to the lowest; therefore, the lower the search cost, the more viable the suspect. If the geographic profile is accurate, the offender will have a low search cost. In the case of search cost, “map” refers to only the portion of the profile containing the crime scenes. As a result, suspects can have a search cost greater than 100%, which means a space larger than the area containing the crime scenes would have to be searched before reaching their anchor point.

One can see that the search cost is lowest for the area just east of the Napa Junction, the area of Ridgeview Park, Mare Island Naval Shipyard and across the Carquinez Strait Bridge to the area of Crockett Hills (just east of Rodeo). The area I favor, around the Springs and Tuolumne payphone, is afforded a 4% search cost. Despite the majority of the Zodiac mailings originating from San Francisco, this area features low on the geo-profiling heat map, and backed up by the statements of Kim Rossmo above. He states that "geographic profiling can't solve a crime; there are only three ways to do that - eyewitness, confession or physical evidence - the role of geographical profiling is to allow a detective to get to that stage, where he or she can apply one of those techniques sooner, faster, more effectively and more efficiently". 

This means we target the red hot zones first, before extending outwards to orange, yellow, green, blue etc.The hot zones will inevitably sometimes fall over an unpopulated area, so the areas around them become the focus of our search. The technique of geographic profiling is a supportive tool to narrow the suspect pool and search parameters, especially in a case over 50 years old with limited physical evidence - narrowing the search field in order to prioritize our efforts. The possible candidates for the Zodiac Killer can be massively whittled down, as shown in the case of Rancho Vallejo, highlighted by Kim Rossmo above. After all, he did state "If this case was active today, it would not be too difficult to find this person."

In an attempt to cover all possible Zodiac communications, I will add the June 18th 1970 letter, postmarked Vallejo and addressed to Gerald Tagert of 1423 Roleen Drive in the northern section of Vallejo. The letter contained two tickets for the Oakland A's baseball game for June 20th 1970, wrapped in a piece of paper with the brief message "GIFT FROM ZODIAC". Barbara Tagert was totally perplexed as to who may have sent the letter. It was analyzed and ultimately determined that it exhibited a slight similarity to confirmed Zodiac correspondence. 

The only address of any note in close proximity to 1423 Roleen Drive was the address of James Owen (1735 Mini Drive), the last person to pass the turnout on December 20th 1968, before the double murder of David Faraday and Betty Lou Jensen. Of course, we have no idea whether this communication was by the hand of the Zodiac Killer fifty years after the fact, but let us assume for the purpose of this article, it was. Did the Zodiac Killer know Gerald Tagert, an electrician employed at the Mare Island Shipyard? It seems unlikely that the murderer of five would unnecessarily aid the police in his capture, by linking himself as somebody known to Gerald Tagert or possibly a work colleague at the Shipyard. It could be a threat by somebody pretending to be Zodiac in order to scare the couple, but this could have just as easily been achieved without the need to spend money and purchase two valid baseball tickets - a sinister Zodiac threat of murder would have been far more effective, if your intention was to scare the living daylights out of the couple. What other possibilities exist?

1423 Roleen Drive is a corner house, so would be visible from not only neighboring properties along the same road, but several in the adjoining Alice Drive. This would only be of importance if the Zodiac Killer resided in one of the houses nearby and wanted the cheap thrill of watching the police visit the Tagert's property. However, this not only relies on the police visiting the Tagert's home address, but also necessitates the Zodiac Killer remaining at his residence throughout the relevant period. A threat to murder the couple would have been a far more effective tactic by the Zodiac Killer had he wanted to observe police activity around the property. It seemed that the Oakland A's tickets were of particular significance to the sender.   

To verify whether the Zodiac Killer was responsible for this correspondence, it is often prudent to look at the last confirmed Zodiac communication prior to  this one. The April 28th 1970 'Dragon' card stated "I hope you enjoy yourselves when I have my blast" - so is it logical to assume he would lure the couple to the Oakland Coliseum with the intention of detonating a bomb at the stadium. This is extremely unlikely. The only vague connection to the Oakland A's contained in the 'Dragon' card is the mule/donkey depicted on the card. Charlie-O the Mule was the mascot used by the Kansas City Athletics and Oakland A's from 1965 to 1976. But this is an extremely weak link and highly unlikely to have any connection to the baseball tickets mailed to Gerald Tagert.

Is it conceivable that the police would have allowed the couple to attend the baseball match with a possible threat hanging over them, covertly viewing the area in and around them for suspicious activity and anyone showing an unhealthy amount of attention towards them? Would the Zodiac Killer seriously have expected the police to have advised the couple to attend, or agreed to such a dangerous tactic even if they were willing?

The fact that the tickets were accompanied by the message "GIFT FROM ZODIAC", as opposed to a direct threat on their lives, seems to suggest the purpose behind the communication lay at the Oakland Coliseum and the half-chance that the Zodiac Killer could observe the couple squirming in their seats. But without knowing what transpired on June 20th 1970, one can only speculate. I highly doubt the couple ever attended the baseball match because of the possible ramifications had anything unsavory occurred.

One of the main reasons for covering this topic is to understand the motive behind the mailing (if the Zodiac Killer), and get some other opinions. Why were the tickets added to the correspondence, if not to center the focus on the Oakland Coliseum?   

The Symbionese Liberation Army mailed the SLA letter just a day or two prior to the kidnapping of Patricia Campbell Hearst, seized on February 4th 1974. It was postmarked February 3rd 1974 - so unless it was delayed significantly - there is an argument to be made it was relevant to the actual kidnapping itself. But why would the Symbionese Liberation Army invoke the "Old Norse" language in a rather benign and meaningless message? The SLA letter stated "Dear Mr Editor, Did you know that the initials SLA (Symbionese Liberation Army) spell "sla", an old Norse word meaning "kill". a friend". The message itself would be totally irrelevant but for the inclusion of the North Germanic language - once spoken predominantly in Scandinavia. Old Norse was divided into three dialects: Old West Norse, Old East Norse, and Old Gutnish. Old West and East Norse formed a dialect continuum, with no clear geographical boundary between them. For example, Old East Norse traits were found in eastern Norway, although Old Norwegian is classified as Old West Norse, and Old West Norse traits were found in western Sweden. Most speakers spoke Old East Norse in what is present day Denmark and Sweden.     

The Symbionese Liberation Army (much like Zodiac) were often reactionary to the injustice they perceived had been burdened upon them - often responding to newspaper articles, or referencing them, directly or indirectly within their correspondences. This is the approach we will take regarding the SLA letter, bearing in mind the Scandinavian element and the impending kidnapping of Patricia Campbell Hearst. In other words, we have to look backwards at recent newspaper articles in the preceding months that encapsulated these features, especially considering one SLA associate, Sara Jane Olson (born Kathleen Ann Soliah), had Scandinavian ancestry.

On August 23rd 1973, Jan-Erik Olsson entered the Sveriges Kreditbanken in Norrmalmstorg Square armed with a submachine gun and took three women and one man hostage, demanding the release of his friend Clark Olofsson from jail. In a strange turn of events, an unlikely friendship formed between the hostages and captors, in what was eventually dubbed the ​Norrmalmstorgssyndromet by Nils Bejerot​ and the "Stockholm Syndrome" by overseas media in the latter months of 1973 and early months of 1974. It is therefore ironical that the Symbionese Liberation Army would then mail a communication using a Scandinavian translation of the word "kill" just one or two days before Patricia Campbell Hearst was to also be taken hostage. In an uncanny turn of events, her case too was argued to have exemplified the term "Stockholm Syndrome", as she formed a bond with her kidnappers and eventually 'assisted' them in the Hibernia Bank robbery on April 15th 1974, also armed with a high capacity weapon.   

The definition of "Stockholm Syndrome" is a condition which causes hostages to develop a psychological alliance or friendship with their captors as a survival strategy during captivity. The SLA letter has the key ingredients of "a friend", a Scandinavian language and an impending hostage situation. The Symbionese Liberation Army would soon mail another letter demanding the release of two apprehended SLA members (Joseph Remiro and Russell Little), much like Jan-Erik Olsson successfully demanded the release of his friend, Clark Olofsson. Joseph Remiro and Russell Little had been arrested and charged with the murder of Marcus Foster who was gunned down with cyanide laden bullets on November 6th 1973 in Oakland. The following Symbionese Liberation Army communication contained all the key ingredients of threatening "to kill" Patricia Campbell Hearst if their demands were not met, akin to the SLA letter, while also highlighting the word "FRIEND". The comparison can be noted below.