One of the most remarkable achievements in the Zodiac story occurred in 2020, when David Oranchak, Sam Blake and Jarl Van Eycke collaborated to finally break the 51 year resistance of the infamous 340 cipher on December 3rd. But what inspired the added complexity and the diagonal shift employed by the Zodiac Killer in his encryption technique on November 8th 1969. The trigger may have been his 408 cipher and the detailed attempt to break it in the Vallejo News Chronicle on August 4th 1969, at a time when the Zodiac Killer would undoubtedly have been scrutinizing the newspapers for progress on his 408 cipher. This was pointed out to me by the forum contributor known as Cragle, who made this astute observation recently.     

The cryptogram fan from San Francisco, a graduate student, made some observations regarding the 408 cipher (shown on the left). While his analysis wasn't wholly accurate, it is this newspaper article that may have bearings on the technique employed by the Zodiac Killer when designing his 340 cipher. On page two of this newspaper article it continued The pattern beginning to take shape apparently will end up a three-tiered diagonal structure composed of sections, of each of the three ciphers. Work with the patterns of the ciphers, which he calls complex and the work of a very intelligent person, has yielded eight doublets of symbols which are equals. He remarked that he didn't feel the ciphers were a hoax because they are too complicated and required too much effort to devise. "A computer may have been used" he said. He thinks the person who made them is intelligent, scheming and imaginative, but not really unusual. "I know kids in school who could do better" on cryptograms. 

The next communication mailed by the Zodiac Killer on October 13th 1969 promised to target young children, threatening that "School children make nice targets, I think I shall wipe out a school bus some morning. Just shoot out the front tire + then pick off the kiddies as they come bouncing out". But the most important section in the Vallejo News Chronicle article was "The pattern beginning to take shape apparently will end up a three-tiered diagonal structure composed of sections". The Zodiac Killer's 340 cipher, that followed the October 13th 1969 letter, was three-tiered just like the 408 cipher, but crucially it was structured diagonally for the majority of the coding, as postulated in the newspaper. The title of the newspaper article was Text Of Letter May Offer Clues, but did it offer the inspiration for the Zodiac Killer to create a diagonal shift in his 340 cipher just three months later?

On October 22nd 1969, the San Francisco Examiner newspaper published an article by Will Stevens, which laid down a challenge from Professor D.C.B. Marsh of the American Cryptogram Association (ACA) to the Zodiac Killer, attempting to coax him into revealing his name.

The newspaper stated "Dr Marsh told the Examiner today: "The killer wouldn't dare, as he claimed in letters to the newspapers, to reveal his name in the cipher to established cryptogram experts. He knows, to quote Edgar Allen Poe, that any cipher created by man can be solved by man. Zodiac has not told the truth in his cipher messages to the Examiner, the Chronicle and the Vallejo Times-Herald. Zodiac has not done this, because to tell the complete truth in relation to his name -in cipher code - would lead to his capture. I invite Zodiac to send The American Cryptogram Association a cipher code - however complicated - which will truly and honestly include his name".

Professor D.C.B. Marsh was probably hoping the Zodiac Killer would employ a cryptographic technique featured in the works of Edgar Allan Poe, thereby making any future cipher mailed by the Zodiac Killer easier to crack. As it turned out, the Zodiac Killer's 340 cipher mailed on November 8th 1969 could be solved using the scytale method of encryption detailed in Edgar Allan Poe's essay A Few Words on Secret Writing in the very first paragraph. This was covered extensively in the article The Inspiration Behind the Zodiac Killer's 340 Cipher. We have Professor D.C.B. Marsh of the American Cryptogram Association creating the trigger, by inserting Edgar Allan Poe into the mind of the Zodiac Killer. The Zodiac Killer then created the 340 cipher that could be deciphered using the scytale method featured in Poe's A Few Words on Secret Writing. What are the odds that one of Edgar Allan Poe's poems would partially appear in the solution to the 340 cipher?

I HOPE YOU ARE HAVING LOTS OF FUN IN TRYING TO CATCH ME - THAT WASN’T ME ON THE TV SHOW - WHICH BRINGS UP A POINT ABOUT ME - I AM NOT AFRAID OF THE GAS CHAMBER BECAUSE IT WILL SEND ME TO PARADICE ALL THE SOONER BECAUSE I NOW HAVE ENOUGH SLAVES TO WORK FOR ME WHERE EVERYONE ELSE HAS NOTHING WHEN THEY REACH PARADICE - SO THEY ARE AFRAID OF DEATH - I AM NOT AFRAID BECAUSE I KNOW THAT MY NEW LIFE IS LIFE WILL BE AN EASY ONE IN PARADICE DEATH.   

"To One in Paradise" was written by Edgar Allan Poe. This poem was first published as part of the short story titled "The Visionary" (later retitled as "The Assignation"). The poem was also published under the names "To lanthe in Heaven" and "To One Beloved". The title "To One in Paradise" was used in the February 25, 1843 Saturday Musuem. This poem was written after the death of Poe's wife. He writes that she was his life and he lived for her and now he looks forward to the future where they will be together again in death. link.

On March 3rd 2007, Daniel King, editorial assistant of the San Francisco Chronicle unearthed the Eureka card among some photo files, just after the release of the 2007 David Fincher film, Zodiac. The correspondence contained a Christmas greetings card with the message "FROM YOUR SECRET PAL CAN'T GUESS WHO I AM YET? WELL, LOOK INSIDE AND YOU'LL FIND OUT..." and once opened it revealed: "...THAT I'M GONNA KEEP YOU GUESSIN'! HAPPY HOLIDAYS, ANYWAY". This message was part of the original card, which had no additional writing from the sender. Within this card the sender had added two photocopied post office keys on a keychain, each of which contained five punched and traceable numbers (79408 and 58851). It was claimed that these post office box keys were traced to their owner, Chester Clark Klingel, who it was stated lived in Eureka in 1990 at the time this communication was mailed to the San Francisco Chronicle in December. 

According to the obituary of Chester Clark Klingel, it somewhat detailed his timeline. The obituary read "Chet's first wife Yolanda passed away in a car accident. His second marriage was short but his third to Blandina Sarkis added love, happiness, family and great food to his life. He had many good years in Tam Valley, CA, before beginning a farming venture near Turlock, CA. Chet and Blandina bought nut orchards and developed a successful walnut hulling and drying business. After Blandina passed away, the farming project lost appeal. Chet sold the farm and moved to Eureka, CA, where he made new friends". The problem we have, is that the obituary stated that Chester Clark Klingel moved to Eureka after Blandina Sarkis Klingel died. She died on September 9th 1993 (aged 63). Therefore, if the obituary is accurate, Chester Clark Klingel moved to Eureka subsequent to her death in September 1993. So what was he doing with a post office box in Eureka when he didn't live there in 1990? Blandina Sarkis Klingel was buried in Turlock Memorial Park, Turlock, Stanislaus County, which is 370 miles from Eureka. 

'The Foreigner', a contributor to the Zodiac Killer Site forum, did point out that Chester Clark Klingel's daughter was living in Eureka at the time the Eureka card was mailed. However, If the claim we have been led to believe for many years is correct, that Chester Clark Klingel had been living in Eureka in 1990 with his wife Blandina, it would be unusual for her to be buried in Turlock, Ca, which is a 740 mile round trip for her husband. This story requires more explanation, because something doesn't make sense.  

The breaking of the 340 cipher by David Oranchak, Sam Blake and Jarl Van Eycke on December 3rd 2020 was a fantastic achievement after 51 years, only slightly tarnished by the banality of the message encoded by the Zodiac Killer, in which he denied it was him on the Jim Dunbar Show, along with the usual paradice and slaves nonsense. However, it may have gone a long way to verifying two previous communications once considered inauthentic Zodiac letters. 

The 340 message stated "That wasn't me on the TV show", thereby suggesting by inference that the person who called into the Jim Dunbar TV show on October 22nd 1969 was an imposter and fraud. Shortly after the April 29th 1971 arrest of Karl Francis Werner for the murders of Kathie Reyne Snoozy, Debra Gaye Furlong and Kathy Bilek in San Jose and Saratoga, another cryptogram was mailed from Fairfield to the San Francisco Chronicle containing 148 characters. It too was effectively delivering a contemporary message, again claiming that the person (Karl Francis Werner) being 'interviewed' was an imposter and fraud, stating "Tis the Zodiac Speacking. Why can't you stop me. I can't stop killing. Stop listening t(o) phonys". The 340 cipher was unbroken in 1971, yet the author of another contemporary enciphered message was again claiming that the person in the spotlight was a "phony". The only difference this time was the Zodiac Killer was the "phony", falsely attempting to wrestle back the murder victims of Snoozy & Furlong on August 3rd 1969, that he had claimed in the Dripping Pen card mailed on November 8th 1969, with his addition of "Aug" in his chronological victim count of seven. He would further compound matters by adding the April 11th 1971 murder of Kathy Bilek to this list, when on July 13th 1971 he claimed her murder in the Monticello card by stating "In The Woods Dies April".

This should allay any doubts as to the authenticity of this communication, especially when you consider that the Monticello card "shought victims 21" just like the written message accompanying the 148 character cipher - and both were withheld from the newspapers.

The 340 cipher also went a long way to verifying the 38 character code, mailed from Fairfield on December 7th 1969, because both cryptograms isolated the word "death" at the end of each message. The person who created the Z38 deliberately separated the prominent ZO∆AIKꞮ+ characters on the bottom line of the 340 cipher, into AIKꞮ+ on the bottom line of the 38 character code. thereby manufacturing the word "death". Druzer, a valued contributor to both main Zodiac forums, pointed out the same thing, stating  "The most curious/compelling feats are that the author isolated actual words, most notably death, and that he refrained from copying Zodaik, which would certainly be expected of a hoaxer".  

The 340 cipher did indeed harbor a banal and relatively uninteresting message after a long 51 year wait, but it can be argued that the solving of the message contained within it, may have handed us two more confirmed Zodiac communications to examine, offering fresh insights into an investigation often blighted by stagnation. The Z38 can be connected to the 340 cipher through two notable portions of each code, The words IRON and DEATH can be found in both, before any period 19 shift is applied. If these two enciphered cryptograms are connected by beginning and end, then why should the middle section of the Z38 be any different. The Z38 and Z340 could very well be have a much bigger relationship, yet to be unearthed.

The first two episodes of Zodiac Speaking are available by clicking the image below. This begins the Zodiac story at Lake Herman Road on December 20th 1968 and Blue Rock Springs on July 4th 1969.

Renowned Zodiac investigator Michael Morford (USA) is the creator of the Zodiac Killer Site forum and producer of the hugely successful Criminology podcast along with co-host Michael Ferguson (featuring a vast array of true crime episodes). They have also co-authored two books entitled The Case of the Zodiac Killer and The Case of the Golden State Killer. Starting on March 13th 2021, Michael Morford and I (Richard Grinell) have formed a transatlantic partnership to produce a new series of Zodiac Killer podcasts that strives to break new ground.

Under the title of Zodiac Speaking, the first two episodes will feature the Lake Herman Road murders of David Faraday and Betty Lou Jensen on December 20th 1968, followed by the Blue Rock Springs Park attack on Darlene Ferrin and Michael Mageau in the early minutes of July 5th 1969, which will be released simultaneously to begin the story. Every two weeks thereafter (which may change), the entire Zodiac story will be covered chronologically in depth, delving deeper into the crimes, communications and suspects than ever before. Each episode will not be constrained to a routine retelling of events, but feature new and challenging questions surrounding the Zodiac case which have never been examined and discussed before in any other podcast. The first section of each podcast will be a scripted overview of each topic, accompanied by ideas that challenge the usual narrative and raise new questions, while the second section will be an unscripted conversation between Michael Morford and myself.

We hope to create a minimum of 50 podcasts as an initial projection, with running times estimated at 45 minutes to over an hour for certain episodes, although no time limit will be adopted. Anybody new to the case will get the basic details of the case as an introduction, but each episode won't be limited to the usual story already known by many seasoned researchers and sleuths. The further we travel through the series, the deeper we will dive. Michael Morford will bring his extensive knowledge of the Zodiac case into this series, whereas I will be taking much of what has been discovered on this website into audio form and a wider audience not familiar with the topics I have covered, attempting to question many of the pervading narratives of the Zodiac story that have routinely been accepted as true over the last 52 years. I hope you will join us on this journey, beginning on March 13th 2021.

This is the image supplied to us by the Zodiac Killer on the Phillips 66 Mount Diablo map on June 26th 1970. By placing the numbers 0, 3, 6 and 9 around the crosshairs, akin to a clock face, and instructing us that 0 is to be set to Mag. N, the Zodiac Killer is telling us that we have to travel a certain amount of degrees around the clock face from point zero (set to magnetic north, which was 17 degrees in 1970).

The Zodiac Killer realized that the information he provided in the Button letter was insufficient to discover where he was planning to set the bomb. He also realized it was insufficient to solve the 32-Symbol cipher. That is why he placed two crosshairs in his next communication on July 26th 1970. One of the crosshairs contained the radians value, while the other crosshairs contained the inches value. Zodiac wrote:

"P.S. The Mt. Diablo code concerns Radians + # inches along the radians".

It was that simple, all we had to do was place the first crosshairs (shown on the right) over a compass rose. The center of the little black circle with SFPD next to it, landed exactly at 246 degrees, which is 4 radians and magnetic north. That is the answer to the radians value. The target was SFPD.

The second crosshairs had the phrase "P.S. The Mt. Diablo code concerns Radians + # inches along the radians" written over it. Why would the Zodiac Killer place an arrow pointing before the inches value, if he didn't intend for us to place a number here? The answer could only ever be 5 inches, because using the Phillips 66 map scale of 6.4 miles to the inch, only 5 inches falls over San Francisco (4 & 6 falls into the sea).
The target of SFPD was therefore 4 radians and five inches from Mount Diablo. The target was the Southern Freeway by Ingleside Police Station, explained in greater detail here.

Whatever target the Zodiac Killer chose, it was extremely unlikely his radians and inches values would form whole numbers. This is why he gave us an estimate. On December 3rd 2020, David Oranchak, Sam Blake and Jarl Van Eycke solved the infamous 340 cipher after 51 years. On December 27th 2020, just twenty-four days later, Druzer (a regular contributor to both mainstream Zodiac forums) solved the 32-Symbol cipher. When four radians and five inches was placed into the 32-Symbol code with the word estimate, it married perfectly the three repeating ciphertext characters, giving us the complete solution to the code. The simplicity of this solution is its strength, because it doesn't require an explanation longer than the idea. I have zero doubt his solution is correct, which is why I am satisfied that the search for answers to the 32-Symbol cipher is over.

The Zodiac Killer mailed the Little List letter on July 26th 1970 setting out his search for "society offenders", but this lengthy communication was withheld from publication in the newspapers until October 12th 1970. Despite a comprehensive article in the San Francisco Chronicle on September 26th 1970 featuring the disappearance of Donna Lass from Lake Tahoe on September 6th 1970, the Zodiac Killer never raised his victim total of 13 from July 26th 1970 to October 5th 1970, when the 13-Hole postcard arrived. He never previously needed any prompting to falsely inflate his victim total in previous communications, yet a month after the abduction and likely murder of Donna Lass from the Sahara Tahoe Hotel & Casino, the Zodiac Killer kept his victim total static, suggesting at this juncture he was not claiming the young nurse as victim 14. That is, because he never murdered her. Besides, he would later retrospectively claim he had sought her as victim 12 in the March 22nd 1971 Pines card, while she was still present in San Francisco and working at the Letterman General Hospital by the Presidio.

Donna Lass would have been working as a nurse in the Presidio park in the relevant time period for her to be sought as victim 12. Bearing in mind that the Zodiac Killer was last seen entering the Presidio park after the murder of Paul Stine on October 11th 1969, he knew that by retrospectively claiming he had targetted Donna Lass in San Francisco before her eventual disappearance, it would carry more weight to his suggested involvement in her demise through the Pines card.

The punched hole in the top right corner of the Pines card was never a hint towards her burial location, because the Zodiac Killer had no idea where her body was located. The vague and cryptic phrases pasted on the Pines card were just designed to identify the name of Donna. When the "Sierra Club" was aligned over the Sierra Club of Clair Tappaan Lodge, the punched hole landed over the "Donner" of the Donner Memorial State Park. This was shown to be likely true when a similar pasted card, dubbed the Monticello card, arrived at the San Francisco Chronicle on July 13th 1971, again hinting at the identity of a murdered woman, that of Kathy Bilek. This time, the author pasted "Woods", "April" and "near Monticello" as a clue to her name. However, on this occasion, the sender would actually direct us to a burial site.

Buried in the Oak Hill Memorial Park & Cemetery in the Monticello neighborhood of San Jose was the resting place of Kathie Snoozy, claimed as a victim by the Zodiac Killer in the Dripping Pen card on November 8th 1969. She was the namesake of Kathy Bilek, who along with Debra Furlong, were all victims of the real murderer, Karl Francis Werner. The Monticello card followed the exact pattern of the Pines card, in which the Zodiac Killer retrospectively claimed the April 11th 1971 murder of Kathy Bilek in the Villa Montalvo woods of Saratoga, by pasting "shought victim 21" on the card. He never murdered Kathy Bilek and he never murdered Donna Lass. When Karl Francis Werner was credited with two of Zodiac's previously claimed victims, that of Snoozy and Furlong, he doubled down and more, by adding Kathy Bilek retrospectively in a vain attempt to discredit the notion of Werner being responsible for all three. This belated tactic was used to claim Donna Lass as a victim also, with the Zodiac Killer selecting a time period between the 10 victims on April 20th 1970 and 12 victims on June 26th 1970, while Donna Lass was still working at the Letterman General Hospital for a large chunk of this time. He knew this would add credence to his claim of involvement in her disappearance and likely murder, particularly when he noticed the proximity of her profession to the Washington and Cherry intersection in Presidio Heights.

In fact, the Halloween card, Pines card and Monticello card may have all been retrospective communications, with the Halloween card incorporating the murders of Kathie Snoozy and Debra Furlong into its design by the addition of two skeletons and the 4-TEEN on the card inner. The Zodiac Killer was only claiming four teenagers as murder victims by October 27th 1970, that of David Faraday, Betty Lou Jensen, Debra Furlong and Kathie Snoozy. We know that the Zodiac Killer wasn't responsible for the three victims eventually attributed to Karl Francis Werner, despite him valiantly trying to retrospectively claim all three on numerous occasions. Therefore, we should place little credence to his suggestion of involvement in the untimely disappearance of Donna Lass through the Pines card, especially when he had every chance to elevate his victim total on October 5th 1970. This should give you pause for thought when the Zodiac Killer retrospectively inferred his involvement in Riverside on March 13th 1971, four and a half years after the fact.

Druzer and I have recently been working on the Mount Diablo map code solution, using the measurements of four radians and five inches supplied by the Little List letter crosshairs. Druzer came up with a solution to the 32-Symbol cipher that satisfied the three repeating ciphertext characters in the code, giving us an estimate of where the Zodiac Killer was threatening to "set his bomb". The target was the Southern Freeway alongside Ingleside Police Station, stated in a previous article as 4.03 radians (4 radians} and 4.84 inches (5 inches) from Mount Diablo, indicating that the Zodiac Killer was rounding off his values and giving us an estimate.

It has been stated on this site and elsewhere, that the 32 character code is unsolvable using conventional cipher techniques without the killer supplying us with a key. There are 29 unique characters within the code, making any solution practically unprovable. The solutions offered by using the 408 and 340 keys have produced less than convincing results, particularly when we consider that this code contains an "anchor" and "omega" symbol, not used in the 408 and 340 ciphers. Attempting to correlate the letters used in the code to written text in both the Button letter (June 26th 1970) and Little List letter (July 26th 1970) also produces negative results. Therefore, it could be argued, that a code containing 29 unique characters must have an alternative meaning, in accompaniment to the code solution of "estimate:four radians and five inches".

The Zodiac Killer gave us an estimate of 4 radians, but the actual figure (shown above) was 4.084 radians. That is, 4.084 multiplied by one radian value (57.3 degrees) to equal 234 degrees. When we add in the magnetic north which Zodiac instructed us to do (17 degrees in 1970), we get 251 degrees and the location of Ingleside Police Station. Could the 32 character code contain the value of 234 degrees, which once set to magnetic north, now identified the exact location of Ingleside Police Station? If we resort to basic numerology where A=1, B=2, C=3 etc, and add up the values of the alphabetical characters in the Zodiac Killer's 32 character code, we arrive at a total of 234 (or 234 degrees). When set to magnetic north, it gives us the value of 251 degrees, which when subtended from the peak of Mount Diablo passes directly over Ingleside Police Station and the Southern Freeway. "The map (set to 17 degrees magnetic north) coupled with the code of 234 will tell you where the bomb is set".

Nikki Alexandra Benedict (14) had left her friend Kathie Gomski's house in Halper Road, Poway on May 1st 1967 shortly after 6:00 pm, to walk the 2 1/2 mile journey to her home at 13530 Olive Tree Lane, when approximately 20 minutes into her journey her life was cruelly snatched away.

She was just passing the intersection of 12784 Poway and Carriage Road, traveling along a dirt pathway that straddled the Poway Road, when it is speculated that somebody laying in wait leapt from a grassy depression and viciously attacked the young teenage girl with a short-bladed knife. She had a knife wound to her neck and bruises on her elbows and knees, but the fatal injuries were two stab wounds that penetrated her heart.

The young girl did not succumb to her injuries immediately, with a trail of blood extending 200 yards to the west side of Carriage Road as she desperately sought help near a local shopping center. At approximately 6:30 pm, an 11-year-old boy, Ronald Fisk, discovered the critically injured girl and raced away on his bicycle to seek help from his father, who worked at a nearby market store. Unfortunately, despite the best efforts of responding personnel, Nikki Benedict would be pronounced dead upon her arrival at Palomar Hospital.

Much speculation has followed this case for 54 years and theories surrounding the murder of Nikki Benedict are far reaching, that include the infamous Zodiac Killer. Everybody is entitled to their opinion, but I see very little in this murder that points towards the Bay Area murderer of five. It is certainly possible that this could be an early attack perpetrated by the infamous Zodiac Killer, but other than an attack with a knife at a location 82 miles south of the Riverside murder of Cheri Jo Bates, that may or may not have been committed be the Zodiac Killer, there is little else. The injuries detailed in the murder of Nikki Benedict suggest a brief encounter, before the suspect fled on foot from the pathway. From the reports in the newspapers, it appears that no sexual interference took place on the young girl, and no eyewitnesses have testified to viewing the attack as it unfolded. What we do know (which is limited), is the assailant inflicted a wound to her neck (as though a knife was pressed against her skin) and two fatal stab wounds to her chest, in what has been described as a brief struggle. Then there are reports of an individual running away from the crime scene.  

It is extremely difficult to form any certainties surrounding this crime, based on snippets of information gleaned from the newspapers, but it appears that the encounter between Nikki Benedict and her murderer was short in duration. Sunset was over an hour away, so this attack with a short-bladed knife would have occurred in daylight hours in an open field, close to the intersection of 12784 Poway and Carriage Road, with a shopping center nearby.

Bearing in mind that this attack wasn't viewed in progress by any eyewitnesses, why would a grown man with ulterior motives, fail to achieve his objective of overpowering a 14-year-old girl at this location, or fail to drag her away to a waiting vehicle? Nikki Benedict traveled at least 200 yards after the attack in a desperate bid to seek help, that not only showed the attacker's inability to kill her on the spot, but based on her described injuries, appeared to corroborate the notion of a brief encounter before the assailant ran away on foot. Using this speculatory analysis, it could be argued that her killer was extremely inexperienced and inadequate. This tallies with the description given in one newspaper of a young man seen running away from the crime scene. Another newspaper detailed a witness, who "reported seeing a white male running from the area but it was from a considerable distance and the description was broad, investigators said". From these limited eyewitness descriptions, it is certainly possible her attacker was an inexperienced youth of similar age to Nikki Benedict.  

“Could it be a local? Yes, it could be. Could it be an outsider? Yes, it could be", said Detective Will Altenhof with the San Diego County Sheriff's Dept. "We don’t really have evidence to suggest one way or another".

There is every chance her killer was local, every chance he knew Nikki, and every chance he was either a classmate of the young girl, or he waited for her that day as she left school and visited her friend's house. Nikki Benedict would usually travel the 2.3 mile journey from Meadowbrook Junior High School on the school bus to her home at 13530 Olive Tree Lane, however, on this Monday she visited her friend Kathie in Halper Road to discuss an art project.

Meadowbrook Junior High School is situated just off Halper Road, and her attacker struck just 20 minutes after she left the home of her friend. Not only are the three locations of school, friend's house and attack location extremely close to one another, but was it really just bad luck that the only day she didn't travel home using the school bus, was the day an attacker just happened to be lurking in a depression alongside the pathway she chose that evening? Or was her attacker connected to Meadowbrook Junior High School, who followed Nikki to her friend's house and waited for her to leave to walk home? It wouldn't be the first time a young man pestered and stalked a young girl. In absence of any eyewitnesses before the attack, had the young man walked with and spoken to Nikki Benedict? When he didn't get or hear what he wanted, could he then have lashed out in a brief, but deadly attack, from which he may have been seen running away from? His flight path could tell us so much as to what area of Poway he lived. 

Sadly, Nikki Benedict passed away during the ambulance ride to Palomar Hospital without uttering a word, but my guess had she done so, would have identified somebody she knew of similar age, who deliberately lay in wait in the field opposite Halper Road that evening. It's certainly possible this could be a random assailant unknown to the young girl, but the proximity of Meadowbrook Junior High School, Kathie Gomski's house in Halper Road, the pathway alongside the Poway Road, the seemingly inexperienced attack which was initially survived by Nikki Benedict and the young white male seen running away from the crime scene, appears like a targetted attack of somebody known to the young teenage girl. This, coupled with the fact she usually caught the school bus home, could indicate prior knowledge of her intentions and movements that day.

Irrespective of my take on the murder of Nikki Benedict, the overarching priority is to identify the killer no matter who he turns out to be. If you have any information pertaining to this case, please call the Sheriff’s Homicide Unit at (858) 974-2321 or the Crime Stoppers anonymous tip line at (888) 580-8477. Or use the online tip form.

"In this, the most awful day in our lives, we have been kept afloat and have been given the strength to bear the senseless tragedy we have had, by our new friends in Poway. You have come to us with your real understanding, and you have given us food to eat when we could not cook, and you have gone out and searched in the fields with the sheriffs. In spite of our awful loss, we cannot say we are sorry we moved here. This senseless thing could have happened in any town in America - a sick person stabbed a girl who came down a country path. It happened to be our daughter, and not yours. If he should read this, we want the person who killed our Nikki to know that we pity him, for he is alive (as Nikki is not) and he has a great burden and a great debt to pay. If he comes forward and tells the sheriff he did it, we promise we will not hate him, and we will try to help him. To everyone in the sheriff's department and fire department, to everyone who tried to save our Nikki, and to the volunteers, we are deeply appreciative". Russell and Julie Benedict. 

Poignant words from the grief-stricken parents after their beloved daughter was brutally stabbed by an unknown assailant in Poway on May 1st 1967. Nikki Alexandra Benedict (14), a carefree young teenager, was walking home by the intersection of 12784 Poway and Carriage Road shortly after 6:00 pm, when the embodiment of evil cruelly cut short the young girl's life with two stab wounds to her heart. As of writing, the perpetrator of this heinous crime has yet to be identified, as we approach the 54th anniversary of her untimely death.

The picture on the left shows a caring young girl tending to her pet rabbits, hopeful of a bright future, in stark contrast to the malevolence that exists in some people to destroy the dreams of others. In the words of her parents, Nikki was just an innocent young girl walking down a country path, never believing for a moment she would never reach home.

If you have any information on the murder of Nikki Benedict, then call the Sheriff’s Homicide Unit at (858) 974-2321 or the Crime Stoppers anonymous tip line at (888) 580-8477. Russell and Julie Benedict died without any justice for their daughter, so if you know anything that may push this case forward, please don't hesitate to contact the appropriate authorities. Above all, remember the photograph of a smiling young girl with so much to give, who never got to cuddle her pet rabbits again.

On August 3rd 1969, cyclists made the grim discovery of the bodies of Kathy Snoozy and Deborah Furlong from San Jose, each stabbed in excess of a hundred times and found beneath an oak tree in Almaden Valley. The Chief of Detectives, Barton Collins spearheaded an investigation that eventually saw the arrest of Karl Francis Werner in the April of 1971.

The Zodiac Killer on August 6th 1969, after viewing the extensive front page coverage of this crime that he believed he deserved, very likely switched to a knife for his brutal attack on Bryan Hartnell and Cecelia Shepard at Lake Berryessa on September 27th 1969. The Zodiac Killer would indirectly refer to Kathy Snoozy and Deborah Furlong through multiple communications spanning two years, most notably the "by knife" attribution on Bryan Hartnell's car door and the Dripping Pen card, when he inflated his victim total to seven by adding the month of "Aug". He may also have done this in the December 16th 1969 Fairfield letter when he drew the Bleeding Knife of Zodiac with seven drops of blood falling from the blade. He wasn't responsible for the murders of Kathy Snoozy and Deborah Furlong on August 3rd 1969, but he wanted us to believe he was. 

This leads us to the Halloween card on October 27th 1970, approximately one year after the Dripping Pen card. The greeting card contained an eye peeking from the knothole of a tree with the circled wording of "peek-a-boo you are doomed". It is this childlike terminology of "peek-a-boo" used by parents when playing with their children, that could reveal an alternative meaning to the Halloween card. There are many variations of "peek-a-boo", such as where trees are involved: "Hiding behind that tree" is sometimes added. Wikipedia. Kathy Snoozy (15) and Deborah Furlong (14) were extremely young victims, with Kathy Snoozy described by investigators as much younger looking than 15 years. The Halloween card depicting a tree with somebody hiding behind it, in accompaniment to the two skeletons adorning the card (one purposefully added}, seemed to mirror the attack on the two young girls by an oak tree. The Halloween card deliberately designed to signify two victims, explaining why the Zodiac Killer went to the extra effort of adding a second skeleton to the card inner, and featuring "by knife" on the rear of the card, just like he did on the car door of Bryan Hartnell at Lake Berryessa.  

The San Francisco Chronicle on August 6th 1969 stated "Dr. Hauser, so shaken by the brutality of the crime he could scarcely find words, said the Snoozy youngster had 150 wounds on her back, 50 on the front and a "storm" of punctures on her neck. Deborah's body had about 100 wounds on her back and upper front and a dozen on her neck. Dr. Hauser said he was "puzzled" by many aspects of the brutal slaying. He said neither girl had been sexually molested; neither had suffered any wounds below her waist, neither gave evidence of having struggled to escape. Only the Snoozy girl, he said, had one small mark on her hand, suggesting she may have tried vainly to deflect the plunging knife". The Zodiac Killer placed a pumpkin over the groin/waist region of the first skeleton, giving rise to the notion that this communication had a malevolent undertone attached to it. But these observations are backed up by the Zodiac Killer's running victim total presented in three forms. He wrote 14 on the first skeleton's hand, he wrote 4-TEEN over the skull of the second skeleton, and may have written "Zodiac Fourteen" at the base of the card inner by combining two features, adding 4 dots to signify "four" once again.

The Zodiac got creative by listing seven victims with the addition of "Aug" on November 8th 1969 and adding seven drops of blood on December 16th 1969 on the Bleeding Knife of Zodiac drawing, so did he get creative in the Halloween card? The Zodiac Killer didn't write 4-TEEN as his victim total for no reason, therefore we have to examine why he did it. The number 4 is self evident, meaning 4 victims. The word TEEN is short for teenager or teenagers. This indicates that the Zodiac Killer has incorporated 4 teenagers into his victim total of fourteen. At this juncture, he was claiming the murders of Betty Lou Jensen (16), David Faraday (17), Darlene Ferrin (22), Cecelia Shepard (22), Kathy Snoozy (15), Deborah Furlong (14), Paul Stine (29), Richard Radetich (25) and Donna Lass (25). That is nine claimed victims of the fourteen he had placed on the Halloween card, but only four were teenagers, hence the wording of 4-TEEN. The two skeletons may sadly have represented Snoozy and Furlong, adding the two teenagers from San Jose to the existing two teenagers from Lake Herman Road in Benicia, that we already knew for certain. 

Halloween is a time when the children venture out into the night, dressed in costumes to play trick or treat in the neighborhood. The Zodiac Killer, on the other hand, may have played the sickest game of all, when he mailed the Halloween card on October 27th 1970, claiming yet again his involvement in two murders he had no hand in.

On December 3rd 2020, David Oranchak (USA), Sam Blake (Australia) and Jarl Van Eycke (Belgium) solved the Zodiac Killer's 51-year-old 340 cipher, laying waste to the countless other solutions proposed by amateur sleuths down the years. Now, Jarl Van Eycke has done it again, solving the 386-year-old Code of Langren created by Michiel Florentius Van Langren (1598-1675) in the 17th century. Van Langren was an engineer, cartographer and astronomer from the Netherlands, known for his mapping of the moon. In 1634, he enciphered a solution for determining the longitude of a ship at sea for help with navigation, which had remained unbroken for nearly four centuries. His story attracted the interest of Jos Pauwels, an Antwerp amateur astronomer who studied his work, and mathematician Dirk Huylebrouck, who would contact Jarl Van Eycke after reading about his success with the Zodiac Killer's 340 cipher. Jarl Van Eycke, after being contacted by Dirk Huylebrouck, managed to crack the 386-year-old code in just one week.

The code, enciphered in the French language (despite its introduction), decoded to "Michel Florencio van Langren says that one should make two cylindrical copper vessels of equal volume that have a conical end at the bottom, in which a hole is made in the middle so that when they are filled with seawater, they let a line of water run until they empty. The stars know in how much time they must be empty. This noted, the first barrel is run on departure, while recording which known star is on the meridian. This vessel will be empty when this star is back on the same Earth meridian, knowing that it is empty in 24 hours of sidereal time. At the same time as when the first vessel stops flowing, the second vessel opens, which will also be empty when the said star is back on the meridian of departure. This careful operation will be done daily during the trip mentioned here if one wishes to know how many degrees of longitude one has traveled from the meridian of departure. One has only to determine this difference from the stars in the sky each time one of the vessels is empty. Not to be surprised, a cylindrical float floating on cork is used to indicate".

On July 26th 1970, the Zodiac Killer mailed the Little List letter with the important clues to the Mount Diablo mystery, stating "PS. The Mt. Diablo Code concerns Radians & # inches along the radians". The answer would be about radians and inches. With the northern section of the map crosshairs positioned at zero and to be set to magnetic north, the Zodiac Killer gave us the value of 4 radians and magnetic north (246 degrees) by the placement of the bold, black circle within the first crosshairs on the Little List letter.

The target was the San Francisco Police Department at Ingleside (SFPD). The second set of crosshairs on the Little List letter contained the hashtag (number sign) in the phrase above, with an arrow placed underneath, beckoning us to insert a number before inches. Only 4 radians and magnetic north, coupled with 5 inches could ever fall over San Francisco, constrained by its land mass. No other values can meet the requirement of targetting SFPD. To an overall accuracy in excess of 98%, the location of the bomb was to be set on the embankment of the Southern Freeway just 274 feet from Ingleside Police Station. For the full story, read The Answer to the Mount Diablo Code.

My solution to the 32-Symbol code in the above article did not marry up the ciphertext to the plaintext adequately, however, Druzer, an invaluable contributor to both Zodiac Killer forums, supplied a solution that married up the three repeating ciphertext characters with corresponding plaintext characters. His solution took "PS. The Mt. Diablo Code concerns Radians & # inches along the radians". into "four radians and five inches" that satisfied the requirement of the Zodiac Killer's Mount Diablo code. This would ultimately provide us with 24 of the plaintext characters for the solution, leaving us 8 ciphertext characters to decode. Druzer came up with the answer, but how was this achieved?     

The problem that materialized, was where to place "four radians and five inches" within the 32-Symbol array. We needed an entry point. The clue had to exist within the ciphertext characters themselves. Two of the most notable ciphertext characters were the Anchor and Omega symbols (the latter of which had never been used before), so possibly it was this symbol that held the key of where to insert "four radians and five inches".

The Omega symbol can be written two ways (shown on the left), with a quick search on Wikipedia revealing information on the radian per second. The radian per second (symbol: rad⋅s−1 or rad/s) is the SI unit of angular velocity, commonly denoted by the Greek letter ω (omega). The radian per second is also the SI unit of angular frequency. The radian per second is defined as the change in the orientation of an object, in radians, every second. 

Using this as the entry point in our ciphertext characters, the word "radians" was placed at the beginning of the Omega sign in the code, hoping that the 24 plaintext characters of "four radians and five inches" would travel to the end of the code. Inserting "four" before "radians", It fell into the code seamlessly (as shown below).

Now we can add in the three plaintext characters represented by O, C and ∆ to the three repeating ciphertext characters in the first section of the code, like so.

Ingleside Police Station is actually 4.03 radians (4 radians} and 4.84 inches (5 inches) from Mount Diablo, so the Zodiac Killer was rounding off his values and giving us an estimate. As can be seen in the above diagram, the word "estimate" fits perfectly into the first eight characters of the code, giving us the final answer to the 32-Symbol code of "estimate: four radians and five inches". The Zodiac Killer was informing us that the answer to the Mount Diablo code of "four radians and five inches" was just an estimate to the location of the bomb at Ingleside Police Station (SFPD). The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines "estimate" as a rough or approximate calculation, which is exactly what it is.

The following are a few extracts from the newspapers regarding the murder of Anthony Vincent Bruno on November 2nd 1975.

According to Police Captain George Stephenson, Bruno and his girlfriend (16 years) had been parked on Monte Cresta Drive, above Barclay Way in an isolated area of western hills when a man opened the driver's side door and apparently without saying anything fired the shotgun. The girl, who was not identified by police, pushed Bruno's body aside and drove the car to her home from where police were notified. She described the assailant as white, 5 feet 5 inches tall, 140 pounds and wearing an Army green parka with hood, according to police. Stephenson said also that a late model brown pick-up truck, possibly a Dodge or Chevrolet, had been seen in the area at about the time of the shooting. The killer then ran south on Monte Cresta from the dark hillside area, past a streetlight 50 yards away, and then possibly to a late model Dodge or Chevrolet pick-up truck.

Belmont police today are attempting to find a man who shotgunned a 17-year-old Carlmont High School student to death in a parked car early Sunday morning. The youth, Anthony Vincent Bruno of 213 Bayview Drive, San Carlos, died instantly, his body sprawled on the seat of the parked car beside his terrified 16-year-old girlfriend. The killer then turned, dropped the sawed-off stock of his weapon on the ground, perhaps by accident, and fled. It was disclosed Wednesday that about an hour and a half before the brutal slaying, a man was seen struggling to drag a box about two feet long and 18 inches wide up a steep rise about 100 feet from the slaying site. A rod, or perhaps a rope, protruded from the box, according to police, and the dragging was being done by a man in mechanic's overalls with longish, dark brown hair. Stephenson also confirmed that police are searching for the driver of a maroon pick-up truck, equipped with blackwall tires and white wheels; a vehicle which they have information to believe may have approached the parked couple 15 minutes before the slaying, stopped a distance away, made a u-turn, and apparently drove off. The girl gave a follow up description "She saw a face but couldn't identify him. She couldn't see whether he was black or white, or anything other than he was 5'5", 140 pounds and wearing a green army-type parka". One has to consider that under the circumstances, this description may be less than reliable.  

"We've never had a case like this before. This is the bloodiest, most brutal killing I've ever seen", Belmont Police Chief William R. Singer said as he surveyed the scene of Belmont's first potential murder case in over two years. "It could be another Zodiac", he added.  Wednesday afternoon, Juvenile Division Detective Gary Sickman drove this reporter to the scene of the slaying and replayed what police have linked together about it so far. "This is a little-known lovers' lane", Sickman said. "Many of the kids I've talked with at Carlmont were unaware of it." Sickman drove the patrol car down a narrow dirt road connecting with Monte Cresta Drive; a chuckhole-pocked stretch traversing a ridge high above Belmont Canyon. At the end of the road, a half-mile from the slaying site, a teenaged couple embraced in a parked car. Sickman checked their identification and jotted their names in his notebook after giving them a little fatherly advice.

The image on the right shows Belmont Police Chief William Singer and Captain George Stephenson examining the scene of the crime. To visit the location, click the image to enter Google maps.  

This crime has similarities to the two attacks at Lake Herman Road and Blue Rock Springs, particularly the latter (highlighted above in blue). The couple in this instance were 16 and 17 years of age just like Betty Lou Jensen and David Faraday, attacked on what was described as a lovers' lane area. The killer, without uttering a word, fired into the vehicle in similar fashion to the shooting at Blue Rock Springs, this time in the early morning hours of Sunday, November 2nd 1975. The assailant at Monte Cresta Drive may have driven up to the vehicle of the young couple just prior to the murder, driving away and returning a few minutes later, before unleashing his deadly assault. Had the gun not broke apart, we could again have been looking at a repeat of December 20th 1968.

The following day, on November 3rd 1975, it was reported by KGO-TV that a possible Zodiac letter was discovered near to the crime scene in a phone booth. Michael Morford, a researcher at the Zodiac Killer Site forum, also remembered a cassette tape accompanying the letter. The attack happened early Sunday morning, with the newspapers carrying the story on Monday, November 3rd 1975, so when the letter (and possibly tape) were placed in the phone booth is an important factor. If the letter was placed there in the minutes after the crime (or Sunday night) and not discovered until Monday morning, the greater the possibility that the letter was written by the murderer of Anthony Vincent Bruno, who hadn't read or heard any reporting of the crime.

The reporting in the San Mateo Times of a letter alleged to have been written by the Zodiac Killer appears to carry weight, when you consider the wording of Chief William R. Singer, who stated "It could be another Zodiac". If this letter existed, then it is fairly obvious that law enforcement and Chief William R. Singer would have been aware of it.

There are three main possibilities regarding the letter: [1] Somebody read or heard the details of the crime, noted the similarities to the Zodiac attacks, and decided to hoax a letter. [2] The person who murdered Anthony Vincent Bruno prepared a Zodiac-style letter to shift the emphasis away from the fact it was personal attack. [3] The person who committed the murder and wrote the letter was the Zodiac Killer, however unlikely this option may seem. The Zodiac Killer hadn't conclusively been linked to a murder for six years at this point, and hadn't written a confirmed letter for well over a year, which undoubtedly weakens the intent of a person attempting to shift the blame onto the Zodiac Killer. The last widely accepted letter from the Zodiac Killer was the Exorcist letter mailed on January 29th 1974, probably mailed from San Mateo County. If this was "truly" a Zodiac letter, it too would have a San Mateo connection.

Two and a half years later, a cryptic letter was mailed to the San Francisco Chronicle on July 19th 1978, in what can only be described as unintelligent ramblings. With respect to the 1975 letter (and possibly cassette tape) placed in the phone booth near the crime scene, a certain section of text in the July 19th 1978 was of particular interest. It may have no connection whatsoever to the Anthony Vincent Bruno murder, but read "I have my real name on a small metallic tape. You see, while you have it in your possession, I want you to know it belongs to me and you think I may have left it accidentally".  Was this "small metallic tape", a ferric cassette tape, which was deliberately placed in the phone booth and was now in the possession of law enforcement? The murder of Anthony Vincent Bruno in San Mateo on November 2nd 1975 is a difficult crime to connect to the Bay Area murders of the Zodiac Killer without access to this letter (and tape), but the broken stock of the shotgun found ten feet from the murder scene could contain valuable evidence if stored correctly.

Thanks to Zodiac Killer Site forum.