The murder of Paul Stine in Presidio Heights on October 11th 1969 has been covered several times on this site, but here we will run with one possible chain of events that night, using blood pattern analysis and distribution to explain the story as it unfolded from the moment the killer requisitioned the taxicab in the theater district of San Francisco, to the last possible sighting of the murderer as he traveled east along Jackson Street towards the Julius Khan playground, never to be witnessed again.

There are three key ingredients to unravelling what actually happened in the late hours of October 11th 1969 - and all three can be found by examining, firstly, the fingerprints on the taxicab allied with the actions and movements of the killer, secondly, the blood pattern analysis of the shirt, and finally, the blood pattern in and around the taxicab as it was sequentially photographed by responding personnel. Blood does not lie - it follows the law of time and gravity and can be used to help us understand the position Paul Stine's body was situated throughout - and therefore unlock a plausible course of events, starting with the Zodiac Killer's claim in a letter mailed to the San Francisco Chronicle on October 13th 1969, stating that "I am the murderer of the taxi driver over by Washington St and Maple St last night, to prove this here is a blood stained piece of his shirt'".   

Many of the Zodiac Killer's claims (particularly in this crime) do not stand up to scrutiny - but what possible motive, unless he was mistaken, could he have for claiming the murder of Paul Stine at the wrong intersection - as it serves little purpose. The blood stains exhibited on the Paul Stine shirt (shown here) tells us that the Zodiac Killer was likely telling us the truth. Had Paul Stine been shot at the Washington and Cherry Street intersection and slumped over to his right side immediately into a horizontal position, either onto his back or right side, then the blood from the wound anterior to his right ear could not have created the blood pattern seen here on the right. Not only would Paul Stine have been laying flat, but as you will notice from the rear photograph of the taxicab, roads have a natural camber (convex in design) and the taxicab is conforming to this tilt. See here. Blood will not flow against gravity and most certainly could not produce the pattern shown by the shirt.

The second alternative, is that after Paul Stine was shot, he remained upright for a prolonged or measurable amount of time. But for this hypotheses to work, we would have to assume the Zodiac Killer after he shot Paul Stine just sat in the rear of the taxicab doing nothing for a notable length of time. We know that the three teenagers who observed the crime scene stated they saw the assailant in the midsection between the driver and passenger area, with the head of Paul Stine over his lap, so we know he was in a lying position as the killer proceeded to remove a large rear section of Paul Stine's shirt. In other words, if the murder took place at Washington and Cherry, the logical order of events is that the killer shot Paul Stine, whether in the rear or front of the taxicab and then immediately proceeded to negotiate Paul Stine into a lying position (if he was not already in one) and remove the swatch of shirt, before wiping down the interior of the taxicab. He then exited the front passenger side door and walked around the taxicab to a position somewhere between the left rear passenger door and driver side door, appearing to wipe down the door handle, presumably to remove any incriminating fingerprints.

However, there are four major flaws with this scenario. Firstly, if Paul Stine had been in a horizontal position within seconds or a very brief time after being shot, then the blood pattern on the shirt could not have happened. Secondly, the three teenagers never saw the killer at any point in the interior rear of the taxicab. Thirdly, a gunshot was never heard, although it could have been muffled by the close contact wound or the killer may have used a suppressor. And finally, why on earth was the killer wiping down the front driver side door, when there was no reason to ever have come into contact with either the dividing panel or handle of this door.      

When the killer hailed the taxicab at Mason and Geary Street, wanting to travel to Washington and Maple, presumably he did this from the sidewalk and entered the vehicle by the rear right passenger door. It has been speculated he may have leaned on the driver side door while talking to Paul Stine before entering the taxicab. But why? He could have made conversation with the driver from the safety of the sidewalk. Additionally, if this crime was premeditated, why would he feel the need to splash his fingerprints all over the door panel and handle, knowing that in a little over 10 minutes he was to murder the driver in cold blood, thereby having to waste valuable time removing the fingerprints he had just planted there - it makes little sense.

On Crimelibrary.com it states "SFPD crime lab technicians developed dozens of prints in and on the cab. Among these were several that, according to an SFPD memo show traces of blood and are believed to be prints of the suspect. Most of these came from the post between the driver side front and rear doors".. So why had the killer touched either of these doors, whether with blooded hands or not? There appeared no reason whatsoever - unless the Zodiac Killer's meticulous planning had encountered a problem somewhere along the way.

The taxicab pulled away from the intersection of Mason and Geary on its short journey to Washington and Maple. As they approached the corner, the taxicab driver Paul Stine, knowing he was en route to a scheduled fare, probably refrained from placing the taxicab into park in order to facilitate a quick exit, before turning to the right to request payment. At the same time the killer had raised his 9mm semi-automatic towards the right side of Paul Stine's head. In a split second, realizing the uncomfortable truth and with his right arm wedged between his body and the seat rear, instinctively raised his left hand in a desperate bid to block, deflect or grab the assailants gun - unfortunately a fraction too late, as the muzzle ejected its deadly contents. This may explain the dark mark found on the dorsal side of Paul Stine's left hand at autopsy. The killer believed his task was complete. but Paul Stine's foot had broken contact with the vehicle's brake pedal and the taxicab was now motioning forward out of control. In an instant the killer had to react to prevent an imminent crash, alerting the neighborhood and drawing unwanted attention to himself. We may never know if his intention at this point was to preserve his master plan of securing a section of Paul Stine's shirt and was not to be denied - or having possibly used a silencer, was determined not to place in jeopardy his quiet exit away up Maple Street to his waiting vehicle somewhere close by. Whatever the case, he had to make his decision now.    

The Zodiac Killer hastily exited the left rear door, possibly injuring himself in the process (Donald Fouke later described a man spotted on Jackson Street as having a shuffling lope, like a semi-limp) and entered the front driver side door - and in doing so, deposited his normal and blooded  fingerprints on the dividing panel and handle. Then bracing himself on the front driver side compartment area, stepped over the lifeless body of Paul Stine to gain some limited control over the runaway vehicle. He now had to support Paul Stine's body in an upright position, pressing it against the driver side door with his left side, so as to access the taxicab pedals with his left foot and coast the taxicab away from the Washington and Maple Street intersection to the corner of Washington and Cherry, where he pulled up in the position shown in the photograph on the right.

This is where the three teenagers come into play. They said they saw the "suspect in the front of the Yellow cab, mid to passenger side, with the victim slumped partially over his lap. The suspect appeared to be searching the victim's pockets. The suspect then appeared to be wiping on the interior of the cab, leaning over the victim to the driver's compartment. The suspect then exited the cab by the front passenger side door, also wiping with a white rag, possibly a handkerchief. The suspect then walked around the cab to the driver's side and proceeded to wipe the exterior of the left door area. The suspect then fled north on Cherry Street'". They never saw him exit the rear of the taxicab - and the bloodstained shirt, along with all the aforementioned actions would explain why the Zodiac Killer did what he did - as described by the three teenagers.

He exited the rear left passenger side door at Washington and Maple to enter the driver side door, thereby requiring him to later wipe down both these surfaces. The bloodstained shirt exhibited a continuous and measurable time period in which Paul Stine was propped up by the killer between the two intersections, with the blood flow downwards and outwards around the chest area. He wiped down the driver side compartment, the area in which he braced himself entering the driver side door and stepping over Paul Stine's body. And finally - no gunshot was heard.

The next question, is did the killer shut the front passenger side door when he exited the cab, to walk around and wipe fingerprints from Paul Stine's driver door? The answer is almost certainly yes. If we look at the sequential photographs taken of the crime scene, they tell a story. Two photographs in particular give us a clue.       

In image 1 it can be clearly seen there is no substantial blood loss on the road surface next to his left hand. However, in image 2 this is not the case. So we know image 1 was taken first. But this presents two problems. After the Zodiac Killer exited the front passenger door he went around the car and wiped down the driver side door area. He then left unhurried, north along Cherry Street.

It took approximately 1 minute for the first responding officers to reach the crime scene and even longer before these photographs were taken. However, photograph 1 shows virtually none, if no blood immediately to the right of Paul Stine's left hand, whereas photograph 2 shows plenty to the right and towards the roadside edge, thereby indicating he was still bleeding, or it was somehow running from the cab interior.

If this is how Paul Stine was found by responding officers, with the door open, then are we to assume he never bled from the moment the killer left the interior of the cab until photograph 1 was taken, but then resumed bleeding from photograph 1 to photograph 2. This is obviously not possible. This may suggest the door was closed when officers first arrived on the scene, with Paul Stine's being rolled into this position by attending medics. Once this occurred, his head and arm fell out to the position shown, possibly flicking out the small areas of blood (seen in photograph 1) from the body of Paul Stine. After a period of time photograph 2 was taken showing much greater blood transference. 

This photograph on the right was obviously taken after the first two photographs, showing Paul Stine's travel guide. Quite possibly resting on the seat lodged under his body, it was more than likely dragged out onto the floor over the blood pool when Paul Stine's body was extricated from the taxicab. However, there appears an almost rectangular area to the right of the travel guide, virtually untouched by blood - as though something else had fell to the roadside at an earlier time but had since been removed. Was this Paul Stine's log book or trip sheet?

It could not have been dragged out of the taxicab at the same time as the travel guide, as the rectangular 'dry' patch is present in image 2 above, in which Paul Stine's body is still in the taxicab, along with no travel guide. But as one can see, no other item is on the floor in image 1. So at some point in the time period between photograph 1 and photograph 2 - somebody - whether responding officers collecting the shell casing from the floorboard or ambulance crew checking routinely for vital signs, may have dislodged something and caused it to fall onto the roadside.

Ambulance crew arrived and pronounced Paul Stine dead at 10:10 pm. Possibly it lay on the ground for a set period of time as the blood rounded it, before it was finally removed into evidence at some point prior to photograph 2, and preceding the removal of Paul Stine's body. But this again makes little sense. We would have to believe that police, recognizing the significance of a trip sheet at the crime scene, would calmly stand by watching vital evidence get soaked in blood. After all is said and done, the likelihood is that the blood pattern is just following the contours of the road - more than likely just rounding a raised section of the road's asphalt, as it falls to the camber of the road.

The Zodiac Killer, now predominantly blooded on his left side (due to leaning against Paul Stine on his journey between the two intersections), presumably had traveled one block further than intended. If he had left his car or waiting vehicle parked somewhere near the top of Maple Street or by the Presidio (a direct route from the Washington and Maple intersection), his only option after heading up Cherry Street, was to turn east onto Jackson. But why was he walking on the north side of Jackson Street? Any responding police officers traveling west on Jackson Street would be approaching the crime scene on this side of the road, exposing the Zodiac Killer to the full glare of oncoming headlights. It appears on the face of it an illogical choice. But when you factor in that his left side took the brunt of blood transference, it now makes perfect sense for him to choose the north side of Jackson Street, to face his blooded left side away from the street. He could at the very least have angled himself to the left side as any cars or police vehicles approached, without drawing too much attention. 

The Zodiac Killer emerged from the 1960s as probably the most notorious American killer of all time, backing up his murder count with an arsenal of correspondence, mainly targeting the San Francisco Chronicle - and it was this literary terrorism that set him apart from most serial murderers we are familiar with. However, content in the armchair of the Zodiac theater, many proponents of the lone Zodiac Killer theory have come under direct attack from an adversary that wants to pull the rug from under their feet and challenge the very notion that this serial killer ever existed. This man is Thomas Henry Horan, author of The Great Zodiac Killer Hoax of 1969, The Great Zodiac Killer Hoax of 1986 and The Myth of the Zodiac Killer. His books are available on Amazon and can be viewed by following this link. 

Thomas Horan has also been interviewed on The House of Mystery podcast, where he elaborates on the Zodiac hoax theory, giving his reasons why the letter writer and murderer are not one and the same person. He covers ground on the Lake Herman Road, Blue Rock Springs Park, Lake Berryessa and Presidio Heights attacks, outlining in great detail his reasons why we have all been chasing an enigma, born out of the heavily fictionalized account of Robert Graysmith and his two Zodiac books. This, according to Thomas Horan, coupled with the sensationalism that has straddled the case for over 45 years, makes it all the more harder for the ardent Zodiac Killer enthusiasts to believe in an alternate narrative.

Relevant Thomas Horan links:
http://zodiachoax.blogspot.co.uk
https://www.youtube.com/channel
http://zodiackillerhoax1986.freeforums.net 
https://www.flickr.com/photos//collections

The Modesto abduction of Kathleen Johns on March 22nd 1970 is a crime that sits on the edge of the Zodiac Killer story, with many enthusiasts feeling it has received unwarranted attention on such flimsy evidence, that basically relies on two key focal points. Firstly, the identification of her abductor from a composite drawing at the Patterson police station, in connection to the Paul Stine murder at Presidio Heights on October 11th 1969. And secondly, the Zodiac Killer himself claiming to be responsible for the abduction four months later, in a mailed letter to the San Francisco Chronicle on July 24th 1970.
Kathleen Johns was lured into the abductor's car on the ruse that her car wheel was actually coming loose, so he could subsequently offer her a lift to the nearest service station, but on the contrary took her on a two hour mystery tour through the outskirts of Tracy, California, before she managed to escape across a field with her young daughter, Jennifer.    

Kathleen Johns was heading along Highway 132, near Modesto, from San Bernadino County, en route to her mothers in Petaluma, California approaching  midnight, when her attention was drawn by a lone driver flashing his headlights, ultimately causing her to pull over on the freeway. It is from here on in that her observations about the man and his car, are the only things we have to go on. The few questions that remain, is how much prior knowledge of the Zodiac case did Kathleen Johns have and can her testimony be relied upon?

In the Lake Herman Road, Blue Rock Springs Park, Lake Berryessa and Presidio Heights attacks, the Zodiac Killer seemed to have chosen his locations specifically, but here, if it was the Zodiac Killer, he appeared to have just happened upon his victim, and extremely unlikely that he trailed her for the best part of six hours from San Bernadino. So what was he doing in Modesto between 11 pm and midnight? Was he just cruising around in search of another victim or was he on his way home and the abduction of Kathleen Johns was just an opportunistic encounter?
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This is where her observations, if correct, may be crucial in giving us the most likely scenario of how Kathleen Johns and the Zodiac Killer's paths inevitably crossed that night. 
Previously, it has been suggested that the Zodiac Killer may have been a former or present member of the military service and as a pastime may have been a hiker, hunter or fisherman, due to the ten and one half Wing Walker boot impressions found approaching and leaving the crime scene at Lake Berryessa, his part inference to 'Man is the most dangerous game' in the 408 cipher, the ever changing firearms in his attacks, the murder locations and his apparent knowledge of radians, not a common term used in everyday life. So what were the observations of Kathleen Johns?   

Within the car she noticed men's and children's clothing scattered about, as well as a black rubber handled flashlight. She described her abductor at around 30 years, clean-cut, having the traits of a serviceman. During her ordeal in the car she recalled his highly polished shoes, reflecting the yellow lights from the car interior, likening them to Navy shoes - he wore a windbreaker, commonly called a windcheater in the UK, black bell-bottom pants and most apparent were his black glasses affixed to his head by a band of elastic, typical of a lanyard worn on the neck, shoulder or wrist to secure a particular object, for ease of access or loss prevention.

A windbreaker is a thin outer garment usually worn in outdoor pursuits to cheat the wind and keep the wearer dry, often elasticated at the waist and arms - and a garment that may have come in handy in the month of March in Northern California, when the night temperatures would be hovering around the five degrees mark. A lanyard, such as elasticated glasses are often used in outdoor pursuits such as hiking, fishing and hunting for obvious reasons, especially if the wearer is interchanging between objects, such as binoculars or using other sighting instruments like a rifle scope, where the removal of glasses can become a necessity, depending on the eye relief afforded by the rifle or indeed binoculars.

'The eye relief of an optical instrument (such as a telescope, a microscope, or binoculars) is the distance from the last surface of an eyepiece at which the user's eye can obtain the full viewing angle. If a viewer's eye is outside this distance, a reduced field of view will be obtained. The calculation of eye relief is complex, though generally, the higher the magnification and the larger the intended field-of-view, the shorter the eye relief.
Eye relief distance can be particularly important for eyeglass wearers and shooters. The eye of an eyeglass wearer is typically further from the eyepiece so needs a longer eye relief in order to still see the entire field of view. For a shooter, eye relief is also a safety consideration. If the eye relief of a telescopic sight is too short, leaving the eye close to the sight, the firearm's recoil can force the optic to strike the skin around the shooter's eye, leaving a cut'.Taken from Wikipedia.
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Hence, the wearing of appropriate glasses will become a consideration, if the user is constantly interchanging them with other 
objects - in this case - a hunting rifle and binoculars. Did the abductor of Kathleen Johns wear elasticated glasses for such a reason, as routine driving would not ordinarily necessitate their use. Or were his future plans for Kathleen Johns, similar to the Lake Berryessa attack, where secured glasses may have been a priority. But this takes us back to the question;, if this was a chance encounter, where had the Zodiac come from and where was he traveling to at this late hour? 

One possibility, bearing in mind what we think we know of the Zodiac Killer, is he was returning home after a day out hiking, hunting or fishing.
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The Great Valley Grasslands State Park and San Luis National Wildlife Refuge would have satisfied any one of these needs and if we assume he was a resident of Vallejo or Benicia, then the route through Modesto back to the Bay Area was his equal quickest route. He could have taken the California State Route 140, but the distance is virtually the same. Great Valley Grasslands State Park is only 18 minutes drive along State Route 165 to Highway 99, which leads to Highway 132.Modesto. San Luis National Wildlife Refuge is approximately 21 minutes drive to Highway 99. If the Zodiac Killer had left either of these recreation areas, then his path would have crossed that of Kathleen Johns in roughly 20 minutes time. He was presumably armed and quite possibly his days hunting had not completely satisfied his needs.
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Kathleen Johns had traveled from San Bernadino via Highway 99 for safety reasons, before turning west onto Highway 132 - and it is here her abductor was to strike.
If he was a regular visitor to both Great Valley Grasslands State Park and San Luis National Wildlife Refuge, then it would follow that on his route back to the Bay Area, he would pass through or near to the city of Tracy, California, which is ultimately where he drove Kathleen Johns after abducting her.