The San Francisco Chronicle ran a very clever newspaper article on October 22nd 1969 challenging the Zodiac Killer to issue another cryptogram that would surely contain his name. However, they did this hoping that the Zodiac Killer would create a cipher down the path they had guided him towards. By dropping the name Edgar Allan Poe into their challenge, they were relying on the Zodiac Killer choosing a cipher technique described in the essays of the American writer and poet, thereby increasing their chances of solving it.

​The murderer of five not only responded by employing the first cipher technique described in Poe's A Few Words on Secret Writing to create the 340 cipher, but also inserted one of Poe's poems into the message. Here is a portion of the newspaper article: "Dr Marsh told the Examiner today: "The killer wouldn't dare, as he claimed in letters to the newspapers, to reveal his name in the cipher to established cryptogram experts. He knows, to quote Edgar Allan Poe, that any cipher created by man can be solved by man. Zodiac has not told the truth in his cipher messages to the Examiner, the Chronicle and the Vallejo Times-Herald. Zodiac has not done this, because to tell the complete truth in relation to his name -in cipher code - would lead to his capture. I invite Zodiac to send The American Cryptogram Association a cipher code - however complicated - which will truly and honestly include his name".  

The first section of Poe's essay mentioned the encryption technique of using scytala to conceal a message. In cryptography, a scytale (also transliterated skytale), is a tool used to perform a transposition cipher, consisting of a cylinder with a strip of parchment wound around it, on which is written a message. This online scytale decoder can be used to unearth the message in the Zodiac Killer's 340 cipher, which used a period 19 shift. Quite the coincidence that the Zodiac Killer would employ a similar technique from the very first portion of the essay 'A Few Words on Secret Writing'. This alone is not evidence of a connection between the newspaper article, Edgar Allan Poe and the Zodiac Killer, but the following observations may change your mind.     

Five months later, the Zodiac Killer would then mail the "My name is" cipher on April 20th 1970, apparently responding to Dr. Marsh directly, with "This is the Zodiac speaking. By the way have you cracked the last cipher I sent you? My name is...."  In the essay 'A Few Words on Secret Writing', the second cipher technique described by Poe involves splitting the alphabet into two parts of 13, A to M, and N to Z. The Zodiac Killer's code this time contained 13 characters, beginning with A and ending with M.

But what is really interesting, is that the essay then suggests the notion of a perpetually shifting alphabet by creating two concentric circular pieces of pasteboard, with one placed inside the other and fixed, while the other can rotate. On each, the alphabet would be written (or random characters). By shifting the outer circle a certain number of spaces, different letters can represent others in the message. Bearing in mind the Zodiac Killer created three circled 8's, I considered the idea of placing Zodiac's 13 characters in two concentric circles with the characters aligned. In other words, A on the outer circle aligned with the A on the inner circle ,E on the outer circle aligned with the E on the inner circle, N on the outer circle aligned with the N on the inner circle, etc. Then I just shifted the outer circle 8 spaces clockwise, so that the 8's aligned with three new characters. Those characters were ME and the Zodiac crosshairs (shown above in the red boxes). 

Ordinarily, this would appear a little crude and unconvincing, if it wasn't for the fact the Zodiac Killer mailed the Exorcist letter on January 29th 1974, switching from his usual crosshairs equalling his victim total, to "Me" corresponding with his victim total. He often allotted SFPD=0, while giving himself the latest victim total (10 in the April 20th 1970 letter). If "Me" corresponds to a victim total and his crosshairs correspond to a victim total, then "Me" corresponds to the crosshairs (and Zodiac). The shifting of the 13 character cipher by a factor of 8 to create the message "Me (crosshairs), would be similar to the period 19 shift employed in the 340 cipher.

The Zodiac Killer must have known that by creating a 13 character code, he was making it practically unsolvable using standard cryptographic methods. By using this method, employing a simple "shift of 8" technique, we at least get a crude message that he used later in the Exorcist letter: "This is the Zodiac speaking. By the way have you cracked the last cipher I sent you? My name is Me (crosshairs)"   

The Zodiac Killer likely mailed this communication knowing it would arrive at the San Francisco Chronicle offices on April 21st 1970, which tallies with the only date supplied in the essay 'A Few Words on Secret Writing'. The Chronicle stated on April 22nd 1970 that "in a letter received yesterday, Zodiac claims he has killed again". A letter dated April 21st was noted by Edgar Allan Poe after a challenge had been laid down in Graham's Magazine. The responder to the challenge stated "In the April number of your magazine, while reviewing the translation by Mr. Walsh of “Sketches of Conspicuous Living Characters of France,” you invite your readers to address you a note in cipher". This was reminiscent of the direct challenge given to Zodiac by Dr. Marsh, to encode his name in cipher form.  

The Zodiac Killer would almost certainly have been aware that Edgar Allan Poe was a poet, so it would be rather fitting had Zodiac incorporated one of Edgar Allan Poe's poems into one of his ciphers or codes. We had to wait 51 years to find the answer to this question. In December 2020, David Oranchak, Sam Blake and Jarl Van Eykce cracked the 340 cipher, which ended with the likely message of "I AM NOT AFRAID BECAUSE I KNOW THAT MY NEW LIFE IS DEATH. LIFE WILL BE AN EASY ONE IN PARADICE". The moving epitaph to his recently deceased wife, written by Edgar Allan Poe, was delivered in the form of poetry and entitled "To One in Paradise". 

​Are all these connections to Edgar Allan Poe a coincidence?  

After his displeasure that the citizens of San Francisco would not wear "some nice buttons", the List Letter on July 26th 1970 continued with a future tense narrative from The Mikado's As Some Day it May Happen, proclaiming how the Zodiac Killer was set to torture his slaves in paradise, by stating "some I shall tie over ant hills and watch them scream and twich and sqwirm". Despite the Little List letter being unreleased to the public on October 5th 1970, the 13-Hole postcard continued the narrative, now proclaiming in the past tense he had effectively succeeded in torturing his slaves, claiming "Some of them fought it was horrible". It can be argued that this goes a long way to authenticating the 13-Hole postcard as a Zodiac communication. This communication, mailed on October 5th 1970, was followed by another pasted postcard from Berkeley, California on October 17th 1970, which also used cuttings to convey the message, and threatened "Adams You Are Next Zodiac".  It was addressed to Dr. Edward C. Adams, who resided at 102 Camino Don Miguel, Orinda, California. It appears that this postcard was mailed by the same individual as the 13-Hole postcard, but with the October 5th 1970 communication having already been published in the newspapers, we cannot be sure this latest postcard was not created by a copycat. An examination of the adhesive used on both communications would be highly beneficial in determining joint authorship. This determination could be crucial, because if we can prove both were authored by the Zodiac Killer, we may be able to physically place the Zodiac Killer in San Bernardino, alongside Riverside,  in 1969. We could place the Zodiac Killer mailing a letter just 19 miles from the murder site of Cheri Jo Bates.

A letter postmarked Montclair, California on November 10th 1969 and addressed to an individual in Clarinda, Iowa, carried the message "Mr. (redacted) Your Next. The Zodiac". This format was nearly identical to the Edward C. Adams postcard, again using cuttings from a newspaper or magazine. The Montclair mailing was also sent during the hub of Zodiac activity. No communications had apparently been mailed by the Zodiac Killer since the October 13th 1969 Paul Stine letter, but this inactivity was broken by the November 8th 1969 and November 9th 1969 Dripping Pen card and Bus Bomb letter, shortly followed by the Montclair mailing on November 10th 1969 from San Bernardino. If the Adams postcard was the Zodiac Killer, then how high a probability do we place on the Montclair mailing being from the Zodiac Killer, bearing in mind this was addressed to another male individual, with a near identical message, using cuttings from a publication - and more crucially - not released into the public domain when the Edward C. Adams postcard was mailed nearly one year later. If the Montclair mailing was Zodiac, we can place him extremely close to Riverside three years after the Cheri Jo Bates murder. A murder that hadn't been publicly linked to the Zodiac Killer on November 10th 1969.    

Another fascinating aspect of the Montclair, San Bernardino mailing, was that it was fashioned using school notebook paper, just like the three Bates' letters mailed in Riverside on April 30th 1967, later claimed to have been authored by an individual from San Bernardino in 2016. These too, contained an extremely succinct message. If we can link the Montclair mailing to the Adams postcard, and therefore the 13-Hole postcard, we can almost certainly place the Zodiac Killer mailing a letter close to Riverside in November 1969, placing new emphasis on the three Bates letters mailed in April 1967, and shedding further doubt on the lacklustre claims of the individual in 2016. Unless of course, he is the Zodiac Killer. which I seriously doubt as a viable option. A Freedom of Information (FOIA) request for an unredacted version of the below FBI file may unearth the identity of the individual in Clarinda, Iowa, and uncover any commonalities between him and Edward C. Adams. If this individual was a certified psychiatrist, just like Dr. Adams, it could be an extremely interesting avenue of research. And placing the Zodiac Killer mailing a letter close to Riverside at the beginning of his campaign of terror in the Bay Area, could shed a whole new light on the murder of Cheri Jo Bates in 1966 and the communications associated with the case.  

It has regularly been stated that there was an approximate four year hiatus in Zodiac communications from 1974 to the arrival of the "I am back with you" letter on April 24th 1978. If you believe in this 4 year absence of Zodiac communications, then the following information from page 204 of Robert Graysmith's Zodiac paperback book should be of interest. Despite Robert Graysmith often playing loose with the facts of this case, the following information within his book concerns Inspector David Toschi directly.

​It stated that on March 13th 1978 at 2300 hours (just over a month before the "I am back with you" letter) somebody made a sinister phone call to an individual living in the Mission District of San Francisco, whose home voice recorder had stored the message. Apparently David Toschi responded to this incident. When played, the message read "This is the Zodiac. Tell the press I am back in San Francisco". The reportee stated he has no idea why the call came to him. Over four years had elapsed since the January 29th 1974 Exorcist letter, yet here we have a malicious phone call from somebody claiming to be Zodiac with the words "I am back", just over a month before the April 24th 1978 letter mailed to the San Francisco Chronicle stating "I am back with you". Another comparison between the two is "Tell the press I am back" and "Tell herb caen I am here". Both concerning the newspapers. Herb Caen was a San Francisco humorist and journalist whose daily column ran in the San Francisco Chronicle for nearly sixty years. 

Would Inspector David Toschi seriously listen to a sinister voice recording with these words, then fashion a hoax letter 42 days later using the same phraseology, while inserting the wording "That city pig toschi is good". While possible, it seems wholly implausible. After four years of perceived inactivity, what is the likelihood that the San Francisco voice recording and letter are two separate individuals perpetrating a hoax with identical wording, within a month and a half of one another? As with the Oklahoma radio station recording of an individual claiming to be Zodiac, I suspect this recording was also summarily dismissed as a hoax and lost to the hands of time. I am not suggesting it was the real Zodiac Killer, but losing or tossing away potential evidence that may later gain significance, should be avoided. This voice recording may have seemed unimportant on March 13th 1978, but less so on April 24th 1978.

​On May 5th 1978, just 11 days after the "I am back with you" letter, somebody claiming to be the Zodiac Killer phoned the San Mateo Police Department and falsely reported that a bomb had been set in the Transamerica building at 600 Montgomery Street (the same street of Melvin Belli's residence in 1969). Although it is difficult to separate the hoaxers from the real Zodiac Killer, we do have the common phraseology in the voice recording and letter on March 13th and April 24th 1978, that while not compelling, is nonetheless interesting.  

THE THREAT ON THE TRANSAMERICA PYRAMID 

Although I believe the Cheri Jo Bates murder and accompanying communications have nothing to do with the Zodiac Killer, it would be foolish to unequivocally rule out of any of the commonly mentioned pre-canonical crimes suggested as possibly being the work of the Bay Area killer. So let us once again examine the Halloween card on October 27th 1970, that inspired Phil Sins to contact American journalist, Paul Avery, shortly after its arrival at the San Francisco Chronicle, and point out his thoughts on the relationship between the Halloween card and the murder of Cheri Jo Bates on October 30th 1966. Even though a link between the Zodiac murders and Riverside had been considered the previous year by investigators, this wasn't common knowledge on October 27th 1970. Phil Sins was also unaware that three letters had been mailed to the Riverside Press Enterprise, Riverside Police Department and Joseph Bates on April 30th 1967 by somebody claiming to be the killer of Cheri Jo Bates.

​In 2012, Mike Morford of Zodiac Killer Net interviewed Phil Sins, who stated that despite going to the Riverside Police Department with Paul Avery "where the letters & desktop were discussed or shown", he himself did not get to see them. Therefore, he had no knowledge regarding the contents of the Bates' letters when he drew his original conclusions between the Zodiac and Riverside cases. And neither, have we yet proved, did the Zodiac Killer. This is why the Halloween card and the Zodiac Killer's previous letter, the Little List letter mailed on July 26th 1970, are so curious. If not responsible for any of the Riverside activity, the Zodiac Killer could have been aware of the Cheri Jo Bates case and the Confession letter when he mailed both the Little List letter and Halloween card, because the Inside Detective magazine published on January, 1969 featured both. However, he wouldn't have been aware of the three Bates' letters (had he not been the author).  

Had the Zodiac Killer read the Inside Detective magazine and thought now is the time to plant the seed in investigators minds that he may have been responsible for the Riverside murder? The Confession letter mailed on November 29th 1966 read "She died hard. She squirmed and shook as I chocked her, and her lips twiched. She let out a scream once and I kicked her in the head to shut her up". The Little List letter on July 26th 1970 read "Some I shall tie over ant hills and watch them scream + twich and sqwirm". Did the Zodiac Killer deliberately group this sequence of words together (including the misspelling of twich) to encourage individuals to draw the comparison between both communications and force investigators to strongly consider his involvement in the Riverside murder (and authorship of the Confession letter)? Or were these word comparisons sheer coincidence? Before you draw any conclusions, it is important to consider the Halloween card, which followed three months later.

The whole premise of the Halloween card cover was seemingly chosen on the understanding that when the card was opened it would reveal his name. One notable feature of the card was the prominence of the word "By", followed by the four methods of death. The Zodiac Killer had written "By Fire, By Gun, By Rope and By Knife". The 1966 Confession letter also tempted us with a name, when the author began his typewritten letters with "The Confession", followed by the word "By" and several underscores. The word "By" playing a significant role in both communications. We also have the Halloween theme running through the 1970 card and the Riverside murder of Cheri Jo Bates, whose lifeless body was discovered on Halloween morning. But it's the addition of the "Z" symbol (meant to infer "Zodiac") placed at the foot of the Halloween card that conjures the most interest. The Zodiac Killer had mailed 15 confirmed communications prior to October 27th 1970 (probably in excess of 20), yet he had never once used the letter "Z" to sign off a communication. In fact, no communication subsequent to October 27th 1970, verified or otherwise, ever signed off with the letter "Z".​

​The only time the Zodiac Killer used the letter "Z" as a signature, was in conjunction with Halloween on October 27th 1970. This is what is so interesting about the potential "Z" like signatures accompanying the April 30th 1967 Bates' letters, concerning the murder and discovery of Cheri Jo Bates' body on Halloween morning. Letters that the Zodiac Killer would have had no knowledge of on October 27th 1970, unless he was the unlikely author of these three communications. Of course, the signatures on the Bates' letters may not have been the letter "Z", and the "Z" signature on the Halloween card may just have been a fortunate coincidence, but these three letters would have been unknown to Phil Sins when he contacted Paul Avery about a Zodiac connection. So, I suppose the discovery of the Bates' letters was an added bonus to Paul Avery when he entered the Riverside Police Department in 1970, and ultimately made the "Z" connection between the cases. Was it extremely fortunate for the Zodiac Killer to tie together Halloween, the prominent wording of "by" and the perceived "Z" signature - in combination with the common phraseology between the Little List letter and Confession letter, just three months previously - or did the Zodiac Killer have inside information through law enforcement and/or the newspapers, thereby enabling him to create the seed in the mind of investigators - or was he involved in the murder and/or letter writing in Riverside four years earlier?

The Zodiac Killer may have done exactly the same thing on November 8th 1969 when he claimed seven victims within the Dripping Pen card, forcing investigators to draw the conclusion he was responsible for the murder of Kathie Snoozy and Debra Furlong in San Jose on August 3rd 1969 by the addition of "Aug" in his chronological list of months. As he did on March 22nd 1971, mailing us another cryptic card, this time encouraging investigators to connect him to the Donna Lass disappearance on September 6th 1970 by the addition of "Lake Tahoe areas" and "Sought Victim 12". Once Paul Avery had connected the Riverside and Zodiac murders together, the Zodiac Killer then cemented that notion by giving "credit for stumbling across his Riverside activity". However, not once did he ever categorically claim or prove these murders were his. He only let investigators draw such a conclusion.  

In the early minutes of July 5th 1969, the Zodiac Killer stood close to the passenger side of Darlene Ferrin's 1963 brown Corvair and unleashed seven shots in total. His final two shots were probably aimed at Michael Mageau as he tried vainly to avoid being hit in the back passenger compartment of the vehicle. The two casings found on the rear floorboard of the Corviair were testimony to a killer who leaned into the vehicle to deliver these final shots (or sixth and seventh shots), striking Michael Mageau in the hip and thigh. Even though the killer fired the first seven shots in extremely close proximity to the passenger side window, not one casing ejected over the Corvair or into the open window.

​The seven shell casings were discovered to the right side of the Corvair. To facilitate shooting Michael Mageau in the hip and thigh, it's extremely likely the killer had to lean into the window and over the passenger seat of the Corvair. The top of the passenger seat positioned exactly where Michael Mageau was struck with the first two shots aimed at him. He was struck in the jaw and shoulder, producing 2 entry wounds and 2 exit wounds. Both of these bullets exited his body and struck Darlene Ferrin, who suffered 9 entry wounds in total. With four wounds in total to the upper part of his body at this point, there is a high probability that this created blood transfer to the Corvair's front passenger seat. A passenger seat that Zodiac had to likely lean over in order to aim a gun at Michael Mageau's lower extremities when he took refuge in the back passenger seat area. Very likely on the floorboard itself. This would adequately explain the two stray casings located here. 

The Zodiac Killer was described as wearing a blue shirt, so unless he had the foresight to bring a jacket or change of clothing, he would have been wearing this same shirt nearly 40 minutes later when he made the phone call to police from the intersection of Springs Road and Tuolumne Street at 12:40am. The payphone was no more than 10 minutes journey time from the crime scene, so did the Zodiac Killer really just drive aimlessly around, or park up somewhere for approximately 40 minutes, possibly covered in blood from the crime scene? Or did he drive home and change clothes before placing the call (either by car or on foot), thereby placing his residence at a measurable radius from the payphone, or extremely close to it?  

The trajectory of the first seven ejected casings that morning, suggests the gun ejected to the shooter's rear, took a neutral pathway, or bounced off the Corvair's bodywork back to the right side, with all seven casings noted by investigators to the right side of the vehicle. No casings could reasonably have ejected into the open window and been transferred by Michael Mageau into the rear of the vehicle, because less than seven casings would have been found on the parking lot floor. And it's highly unlikely a killer leaning deep into the vehicle and obscuring most of the open window, would eject a shell casing past his body and back out of the window. He also would have been most fortuitous to avoid blood transfer to his shirt. Without a ready change of clothing, or disposal of the shirt nearby, the first port of call would likely be home if you lived nearby.

The nature of the attack, keeping the victims within the vehicle at arms length (unlike Lake Herman Road when he shot David Faraday outside the vehicle at close range through his left ear), seems to suggest that the Zodiac Killer likely never envisioned any close interaction with the victims and the need for a change of clothing during his second attack. However, the Zodiac Killer likely made one crucial error, in returning to the Corvair for a second time when he heard Michael Mageau crying out on the back seat, delivering two more shots into the badly injured young man by leaning into the blood-soaked vehicle. This may have changed his desired plans and ultimately, the timing of the phone call to police dispatcher, Nancy Slover. 

​Had he not leaned into the vehicle, he could have made the payphone call at approximately 12:10pm before the victims were even discovered. This would have been the much safer option - and the question of the roughly 40 minute delay in making the payphone call and where the Zodiac Killer lived - would never have arisen.  

When determining whether the "concerned citizen" card mailed to Sergeant John Lynch on August 10th 1969 was written by a helpful member of the public or the Zodiac Killer, we need look no further than the "good citizen" letter mailed on October 7th 1969. Despite the fact the "concerned citizen" card was not in the public domain in 1969, the "good citizen" author would also adopt the word "citizen" in their signature, address the communication to Sergeant John Lynch once again, and refer to the July 31st 1969 cryptogram by mentioning "code letters", just as the "concerned citizen" author was addressing the "code letters" by supplying us with a key to the 408 cryptogram. These are compelling reasons to believe that both communications were composed by the same author. The question being; is the wording in the "good citizen" letter that of a helpful citizen or a mischievous individual playing games with the police. The "good citizen" letter read "On occasion, while thinking of the code letters, the pencil wrote: Go to 56 Beach Street. I get the name Jerry, perhaps he knows people or his name is XXXXXXX".  

The "good citizen" letter was postmarked October 7th 1969 and mentioned 56 Beach Street, which is the old block numbering from the original planning maps, which comes out as 1654/1656 on the street numbering. The address at 1654/56 Beach St, San Francisco, California is a condominium home that measures 2,141 sq ft, and was built in 1938. Irrespective of the exact numbering, Beach Street is just 240 meters from the Presidio of San Francisco, where eyewitnesses saw a white male, about 40 years of age, weighing 170lbs, sporting a blond crewcut and wearing glasses, running into Julius Kahn playground shortly after the murder of Paul Stine on October 11th 1969. Of all the places in northern California or the Bay Area the author could select, the composer of the "good citizen" letter was not only referring to Zodiac's code letters, but managed to choose the location of Beach Street, bordering the Presidio in which the Zodiac Killer possibly escaped into just four days later. Possibly coincidence, but noteworthy nonetheless. The "good citizen" author may have been referring to Beach Street in San Francisco just a matter of days before the Zodiac Killer first struck in the big city, before mailing a letter on October 13th 1969, again detailing a destination in the form of a street name - this time "Washington St and Maple St".   

This letter, likely referring to San Francisco, may hold some significance when we consider the statement of Jim Dunbar on October 22nd 1969, when somebody pretending to be the Zodiac Killer rang into the KGO-TV Jim Dunbar Show. He asked the caller "Did you try to call us one other time, about two or three weeks ago. Did you attempt to call this program one other time when Mr. Belli was with us?" It can be understood why the hoaxer, Eric Weill, would ring into the Jim Dunbar Show, because he got wind that the Jim Dunbar Show was possibly entertaining a call from the Zodiac Killer that morning. Therefore, it isn't unreasonable to conclude he used opportunism to hijack the limelight. But why would Eric Weill claim to be the Zodiac Killer and ring into the Jim Dunbar Show "two or three weeks" earlier, when the Zodiac Killer had never comitted an attack in San Francisco at this juncture?

The Zodiac Killer wanting a TV audience in San Francisco on October 22nd 1969 after his murder of Paul Stine in San Francisco eleven days earlier, can be argued. It is also possible that the Zodiac Killer may have rang into the Jim Dunbar Show "two or three weeks" earlier (between October 1st and October 8th), requesting a slot on the show to announce his intentions of bringing terror to the heart of San Francisco. A phone call placed to the Jim Dunbar Show in San Francisco on October 8th 1969 would coincide with the "good citizen" letter on October 7th 1969, also possibly involving a location in San Francisco - and both would predate the murder of Paul Stine in San Francisco by just a matter of days. A murder, in which the Zodiac Killer was spotted entering the Presidio grounds, which Beach Street borders. If we are to determine whether the "concerned citizen" card on August 10th 1969 was mailed by the Zodiac Killer, we have to factor in the letter on October 7th 1969 and the phone call to the Jim Dunbar Show around the same time - and the significance they may, or may not hold.  

When the Zodiac Killer mailed the Los Angeles letter on March 13th 1971 he claimed 17+ victims, with the plus sign likely added to claim "there are a hell of a lot more down there", when referring to his Riverside activity down south. The Zodiac Killer's last known victim count was 14 when he mailed the Halloween card on October 27th 1970. So was the addition of three more victims deliberately chosen with particular murders or disappearances in mind? And what triggered the Zodiac Killer to switch his mailing to the Los Angeles Times newspaper, rather than continue with the San Francisco Chronicle? His suggestion was that he wrote to the Times because "they don't bury him on the back pages like some of the others". This probably wasn't the reason at all.

​The one thing we know for sure about the Zodiac Killer was his propensity to respond to newspaper articles concerning his exploits, or potential victims he may be responsible for. Bearing in mind his switch to the Los Angeles Times, let us take a look at the previous article regarding the Zodiac Killer in the Times newspaper prior to March 13th 1971. One week earlier, on March 6th 1971, the newspaper revealed that the body of Lynda Kanes (20) had been discovered alongside Howell Mountain Road in a shallow grave 15 miles west of Lake Berryessa, and noted that she was a Pacific Union College student just like murder victim Cecelia Shepard. In other words, the newspaper had tentatively connected Lynda Kanes to one of Zodiac's attack sites. Enter the Zodiac Killer, writing to the Los Angeles Times the following Saturday, claiming at least 17 victims. But this may have just been the primer.​         

Nine days later, the Zodiac Killer not only addressed the Pines card to the Los Angeles Times for a second time, but added the San Francisco Chronicle and San Francisco Examiner as well. The Pines card wasn't referring to the once "Missing Coed" Lynda Kanes, but the missing Donna Lass, who disappeared from the Sahara Tahoe Hotel & Casino on September 6th 1970, with her story covered extensively by the San Francisco Chronicle on September 26th 1970. The article, entitled Nurse Vanishes--A Tahoe Mystery, compared the case of Donna Lass to the murder victim, Judith Hakari, who also went missing for seven weeks until her body was discovered in a shallow grave alongside Ponderosa Way in Weimar. Both Donna Lass and Judith Hakari were nurses. However, these crimes were not currently linked to the Zodiac Killer.

The Pines card was clearly suggesting an involvement in the missing Donna Lass case because of the pasted wording "pass Lake Tahoe areas" and "sought victim 12". But the key part of the Pines card may have been the "around in the snow" phrase, pasted upside down, as if to suggest a burial site. Lynda Kanes was found buried in a shallow grave, just like Judith Hakari. So, if the Zodiac Killer could suggest he was the murderer of Donna Lass, who was linked to Judith Hakari, who was buried in a shallow grave - the timing of the Los Angeles letter, coupled with the Pines card, may force investigators to consider the possibility of Zodiac's involvement in all three murders. Hence the victim total rising by three to 17, with Donna Lass to be also found buried.

The Zodiac Killer, had he read the March 6th 1971 article about Lynda Kanes (shown left), would have realized that his name was brought up because of the proximity of the murder victim's gravesite to Lake Berryessa. He would also have known, had he read the September 26th 1970 article about Donna Lass, the close proximity of the murder of Paul Stine and his claimed escape into Presidio park, to the workplace of Donna Lass at the Letterman General Hospital in the Presidio grounds. By linking himself to Donna Lass, he is adding credence to his claim through proximity, and hoping investigators would draw this conclusion too.

The one extremely compelling argument to back up the notion of the Zodiac Killer designing the Pines card is his addition of the phrase "sought victim 12". The claim that the victim total of twelve being out of sequence with other known Zodiac communications is proof of a hoaxer being responsible for the Pines card, is inherently flawed logic. It relies on the premise of a hoaxer, who meticulously and deliberately chose certain newspaper cuttings and pasted five selected phrases onto a postcard, along with taking the time to punch a hole in one corner and scalloping its edges, being so stupid as to not have read any of the previous and numerous newspaper articles about the Zodiac Killer and his widely available running victim totals. The logical conclusion regarding the Pines card, is that it was deliberately engineered using the word "sought", which is the past participle of seek. The suggestion being, that he had once "sought" Donna Lass as his twelfth victim.

This makes perfect sense when we consider that the April 20th 1970 Zodiac letter claimed 10 victims, and his June 26th 1970 Zodiac letter claimed 12 victims. Any victim "sought" between these two dates could conceivably have become Zodiac's twelfth victim. Donna Lass was resident at 4122 Balboa Street, San Francisco between the dates of April 20th 1970 and the early part of June 1970, before she moved to begin her job at the Sahara Tahoe Hotel & Casino on June 6th 1970. A Zodiac Killer trailing or having "sought" Donna Lass before her move to South Lake Tahoe, could have unquestionably targeted her as victim number twelve between these dates. By using the phrase "sought victim 12" in the Pines card, the Zodiac Killer is effectively connecting himself to Donna Lass through San Francisco and South Lake Tahoe, hopefully cementing the belief in investigators minds that he knew Donna Lass over an extended period of time. Of course, he may not have been trailing her at all and may not have been her killer, but by using the "sought victim 12" phrase, he is effectively suggesting this as a possibility to law enforcement in order to boost his credibility.

The information about Donna Lass having worked at the Letterman General Hospital in the Presidio park, close to the Zodiac's final victim of Paul Stine on October 11th 1969 was widely covered in the September 26th 1970 San Francisco Chronicle article, along with the date she moved. Therefore, by incorporating the phrase "sought victim 12" into the Pines card, the Zodiac Killer is bridging the gap between the murder of the taxicab driver and the disappearance of Donna Lass, both indelibly connected to the Presidio Heights district of San Francisco. This phrase wasn't a mistake, it was deliberately fashioned to plant a seed. The Los Angeles Times would form a similar connection to the murder and burial site of Lynda Kanes to the Zodiac Killer's attack at Lake Berryessa. Therefore, the Zodiac Killer mailing two communications immediately after the discovery of her body may have been designed to engineer a conclusion that the Zodiac had not only killed Donna Lass and Judith Hakari, but Lynda Kanes also. The Los Angeles Times letter came nearly five months after his previous communication, but only one week after the discovery of Lynda Kanes' shallow grave, with the passage "I'm writing to the Times (because) they don't bury me on the back pages like some of the others".  

​The murder of Lynda Kanes would eventually be attributed to Walter Williams (aka Willie the Woodcutter), who was ultimately convicted of the crime. 

Many have considered the Riverside Desktop Poem is that of somebody exhibiting suicidal tendencies from a first person perspective, with the "just wait till next time" writing at the end of the poem, a promise these tendencies will be revisited. However, there is a realistic argument to be had that this "poem" was written within days of the Confession letter (postmarked November 29th 1966), with both composed with the murder of Cheri Jo Bates in mind. The Riverside Desktop Poem may have been structured by reminiscing in the present tense, reflecting on an attempted murder in the first part of the poem, followed by a boast of the 'successful' murder of the Cheri Jo Bates in the second part, stating "just wait till next time", before confirming the discovery of her body in Riverside on Halloween (hence the rh attribution). The phrase "just wait till next time" could be expected to have a subsequent date (or time) following it. 

When you consider there was an attempted murder by knife on the Riverside City College campus just a year earlier (April 1965), in which a young girl escaped from an assailant who stabbed her, followed by the newspaper headlines stating Clean-Cut Youth Sought For Stabbing, it's easy to see the correlation in wording to the Riverside Desktop Poem, which opened with the words "cut, clean, if red/clean, blood spurting, dripping, spilling; all over her new dress. Oh well, it was red anyway". The following "She won't die this time, someone'll find her" testimony to the fact she survived the stabbing and sought help nearby. There is every chance the author of the Riverside Desktop Poem was contemporising this attack, before reflecting on the murder of Cheri Jo Bates, implying the next victim wouldn't be so lucky in riverside on halloween (rh). This would date the Riverside Desktop Poem subsequent to October 30th 1966. Rolland Taft was arrested for the attempted murder of the girl in 1965, and was incarcerated at the time Cheri Jo Bates was murdered.      

The correlation between the newspaper headline in The Press and Daily Enterprise on April 17th 1965 of Clean-Cut Youth Sought For Stabbing and the Riverside Desktop Poem of "Cut, Clean", is not the only linguistic connection. The Riverside Desktop Poem was entitled "Sick of living/umwilling to die". Despite being only 45 words in length and unreleased to the public in 1966, the wording in its title featured heavily in the Confession letter (its full transcript also not released). The Confession letter stated  "I said it was about time for her to die", just like the three Bates letters mailed on April 30th 1967, which again, despite being only 8 words in length, thrice used the phrase "to die". The phrase "to die" having now been used in three sinister sets of communications spanning just 5 months. In fact, the phrase had been used six times in total (3 Bates letters, 2 Confession letters and one poem), along with "She died hard" in the Confession letter..

​The title of the Riverside Desktop Poem also contained the adverb of "unwilling", the root of which is used twice in the Confession letter, when the author typed "She was then very willing to talk to me" and "She went very willingly". The use of the word "sick" in the Riverside Desktop Poem title was also present in the Confession letter when the author typed "I am not sick". Therefore, we have several words in the title of the Riverside Desktop Poem that featured heavily in the Confession letter. Another feature of the Riverside Desktop Poem was the use of "just wait till next time", implying an impending death. This would mirror the promise of impending death in the Confession letter of ."When we were away from the library walking, I said it was about time. She asked me "about time for what". I said it was about time for her to die". The Riverside Desktop Poem also stated "she won't die, this time someone'll find her". The word "time" used five times in total through two communications. 

Bearing in mind the linguistic correlation between the Riverside Desktop Poem, Confession letter and Bates' letters, the latter two of which referenced the murder of Cheri Jo Bates by using her name, it could be argued that the Riverside Desktop Poem was also inferring her murder through "riverside" and "halloween" in the form of rh, along with phraseology of "cut" bleeding into the Confession letter with the wording "I then finished the job out cutting her throat". Two stabbings in consecutive years on the same campus may have been the inspiration behind the Riverside Desktop Poem, with all three sets of communications crafted by the same individual. Knowledge and awareness of the knife attack in April 1965, and the delivery of the Bates' letters on April 30th 1967 spanned two years. So it's perfectly plausible, bearing in mind the writing on the desktop was discovered inside the Riverside City College, that the author of these three sets of communications was a long standing resident of Riverside County, or its neighboring areas. Although there is no way to prove which came first, it appears that the Riverside Desktop Poem was the precursor to the Confession letter (and therefore written between October 31st 1966 and November 29th 1966). The Confession letter the offshoot of the "just wait till next time" threat. 

In 2016, investigators received a communication from an individual in San Bernardino who claimed that he had authored the three Bates letters on April 30th 1967, stating he was a troubled teenager at the time he sent the trinity of malicious handwritten letters to the Riverside Police Department, Riverside Press-Enterprise newspaper and Joseph Bates. However, this individual did not take responsibility for the Riverside Desktop Poem and Confession letter, indicating he was likely the author of none. 

Below is a clearer and more accurate depiction of the bullet casings discovered on the turnout floor alongside Lake Herman Road on December 20th 1968, based on the police reports stating that the casings were 1.5 inches, 1 feet and 11 inches, 2 feet, 2 feet and 3 inches, 3 feet, 4 feet and 6 inches, 8 feet and 2 inches, 14 feet and 20 feet from the right side of the Rambler. Nine casings on the turnout floor and one discovered on the right front floorboard of the Rambler. You will notice in the police sketches that the bullet casing at 14 feet is shown to the right of the Rambler, level with its front end, meaning that a second vehicle parked alongside the Rambler at approximately 10 or 12 feet away, would have the casing close to its front bumper.     

One possible scenario has the killer exiting his driver side door and immediately firing off two shots (with at least one aimed towards the Rambler). One shell casings ejects to his rear, bounces off the roof of his vehicle and comes to rest 3 feet to the right of his passenger door. A car measuring 5 feet in width, 12 feet to the right of the Rambler, means the casing would come to rest on the turnout floor about 20 feet to the right side of the Rambler. The police sketch indicating that this casing was found 20 feet from David Faraday's head is incorrect (check the police report). The bullet from this first shot was likely the one that struck the headliner of the Rambler and embedded in its upholstery on the opposite side, with a straight trajectory. The second shot either missed the Rambler, or was fired into the air as a warning shot. The casing ejecting behind and to the right, bouncing off the hood of the vehicle and coming to rest near its front bumper, 14 feet from the Rambler. Shots 1 & 2 are interchangeable. 

The casing at 8 feet and 2 inches is positioned such, that a perpetrator firing a shot into the right rear window at a distance of 2 to 3 feet, would be able to create the downward trajectory depicted in the crime scene photographs, in which the bullet was capable of striking the lower edge of the Rambler rear window and embed itself in the left rear wheel well. This angle of shot could only be achieved by a perpetrator standing relatively close to the window. The ejected casing landing to his rear, about 8 feet 2 inches from the Rambler. This just leaves a cluster of six casings shown in the white elipse above. When the killer executed David Faraday to his left ear (who was facing away from the Rambler and standing adjacent to the right rear wheel of the Rambler), the casing likely ejected to the rear of the perpetrator's gun and landed on the front floorboard of the Rambler (either directly, or it deflected off the open door).         

Betty Lou Jensen was, in all probability, standing close to the open door of the Rambler at this point, somewhere close to the cluster of shell casings. After witnessing David Faraday being shot, her only viable escape route was between the vehicles and past the killer to his left hand side, as we look at the above image. The autopsy tells us that the bullets that struck the right side of Betty Lou Jensen's back had a right to left trajectory (the first three shots had an extreme right to left trajectory). Bullets can be deflected by the internal structures of the body, but it's unlikely this would happen five times. This indicates that the killer fired the first three shots when Betty Lou Jensen was literally alongside, marginally in front and to the left of the killer (who was standing approximately in the position he killed David Faraday). The casings ejected to his rear and landed in the cluster of six (shown above). This suggests that the killer fired 6 shots at Betty Lou Jensen, missing once (as she got further away). The gunshot residue by the uppermost hole on the right side of her dress, indicates that the killer began shooting when she was alongside and to the left of the killer. The next two shots almost immediately afterwards (indicated by the extreme trajectory at autopsy). The final two shots that struck Betty Lou Jensen had a slightly flatter trajectory, which indicated she was further away from her killer at this point.       

Although shell casings can eject from the same weapon differently, this analysis attempts to explain the two wayward casings at 14 & 20 feet with respect to a second vehicle parked alongside the Rambler, along with the cluster of six casings related to the murder of Betty Lou Jensen. It is also clear from the autopsy reports that Betty Lou Jensen wasn't running directly away from her killer when first shot, but running across her killer, with her right side predominantly facing the killer when the first three shots were fired. This can be explained by Betty Lou Jensen running across the turnout in an approximate manner to the one shown above.