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Richard Grinell, Coventry, England
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THE CHERI JO BATES AUTOPSY FINDINGS

2/9/2020

 
Glossary of Terms
Abrasion: An area damaged by scraping. 
Injury to superficial skin epithelium due to sliding force, compression or pressure; i.e. scrape
  • Patterned abrasion: injury in which a pattern is transferred from the impacting object or intermediary material (i.e. clothing); can be used to identify weapon
  • Road rash is an abrasion caused by the road surface; commonly seen in pedestrian-motor vehicle accidents (MVA) or bicycle accidents
  • Antemortem abrasions are usually reddish brown; postmortem abrasions are yellow or transparent (due to absence of blood flow). Link.
Anterior: Nearer the front, In the front of the body.
Axillary: Relating to the armpit or corresponding part.
Dorsum: The dorsal (back) of a structure.
Intercostal: Situated between the ribs.
Interphalangeal: Occurring between the phalanges (bones of fingers and toes).
Laceration: A tear in the skin or flesh.

Although emergency medicine providers commonly describe any break in the skin as a laceration, this terminology is forensically and technically incorrect. A laceration is defined as a tear in tissue caused by a shearing or crushing force. Therefore, a laceration is the result of a blunt-trauma mechanism. A laceration is further characterized by incomplete separation of stronger tissue elements, such as blood vessels and nerves. These stronger tissue elements account for “tissue bridging” which is seen in lacerations. In addition, lacerations commonly occur over bony prominences and tend to be irregularly shaped with abraded or contused margins. Lacerations are typically caused by hard objects like a pipe, rock, or the ground. An easy way to remember the difference is to think of a glass beer bottle. If someone takes the bottle and smashes it over someone’s head and the skin is opened, that is a laceration. If a person breaks the bottle on a table and uses the piece to slash someone, it is an incised wound. Link.
Medially: Situated or pertaining to the middle. 
Oblique: Neither parallel or at a right angle.
Petechia: A small red or purple spot caused by bleeding into the skin.
Subcutaneous: Situated or applied under the skin.
Thoracic: Relating to the thorax (cavity enclosed by the ribs), or between neck and abdomen.
Transected: Cut across or make transverse section in.

Cutting and Stabbing Wounds - Criminal Documentation from Darren Dake
Chronology.
31st October 1966
07:15: Called at home by Chief Deputy Coroner William J. Dykes about the possibility of a homicide. 
08:30: Called at office by Chief Deputy Coroner William J. Dykes to proceed to 3680 Terracina Street, Riverside, California.
09:05: Arrived at scene. Body in capris, white sandals without socks or hose and loose pick moderately heavy blouse. Laying mainly face down.
09:24: Body examined at site; skin surface cool, rigor present in all extremities but more so in lower than superior members.
09:31: Liver temperatures 26 and 28 degrees celsius.
10:50: I helped remove clothes.
11:00: Autopsy started and several hairs removed from base of right thumb and placed in a 4 by 1 1/2 inch clear plastic container held by Detective Earl T. Brown. I removed blood from the heart. Subsequently placed in the laboratory refrigerator. 
13:42: Autopsy completed.
1 November 1966: Vaginal swab washing sediment smears made; no spermatazoa identified.
2 November 1966: Blood typed AB; Rh. (D) positive.
3 November 1966: Tests for barbiturates, narcotics and ethanol - negative.  

External Examination. Autopsy Surgeon F. Rene Modglin, M.D.
[1] Green eyes and brown scalp hair.

[2] A 2 cm oblique ragged edge fresh non gaping laceration of the upper lip on the left side, that angles laterally from above and extends completely through the thickness of the lip. The teeth behind are not loose or broken.

[3] A dark blue-gray slightly swollen discoloration of mainly the mucocutanous portions of the upper and lower lips of the right side, involving a 2 cm greatest diameter.

[4] Numerous petechia in the skin of the forehead.

[5] An in line series of three fresh lacerations of the skin of the left cheek, angling from above in front slightly downward and posteriorly. The anterior is 2 cm long, the intermediate 0.5 cm long and the posterior one 2 cm long. The overall length is about 3 cm and all extend into the superficial subcutaneous tissue, but do not gape.

[6] An area of dark blue-gray discoloration of the skin of the left cheek and chin involving mainly the anterior two of the lacerations just mentioned. It is also criss-crossed by a few fine linear abrasions.

[7] The midline chin skin dark blue-gray over a 3 cm greatest diameter and criss-crossed by several fine line abrasions.

[8] The anterior neck skin extensively and irregularly lacerated with marked gaping. A deep cut in the thyroid cartilage on both sides and the right common carotid is completely transected as well as the right superficial jugular vein.

[9] A gaping, about 1.5 cm oblique fresh laceration of the skin of the right anterior axillary fold, centered 5 cm from the apex produced by the anterior axillary fold and the right arm. It is probed into the subcutaneous tissue about 1 cm.

[10]  A 1.4 cm fresh vertical gaping sharp edge laceration in the upper medial quadrant of the left breast in the second ICB (Intercostal block).  

[11] A 1.9 cm gaping sharp edge fresh laceration of the lower medial quadrant of the right breast in the third inner space.

[12] A 1.7 cm mainly transverse fresh laceration of the skin of the left chest over the 5th rib and centered about 2 cm medial to the left vertical nipple line.

[13] A 4 cm gaping fresh sharp edge, mainly horizontal laceration of the right upper arm anterior and medially that extends through the fat and into the muscle.

[14] A 1.5 cm greatest diameter fresh abrasion with dark blue discoloration of the skin at the base of the dorsum of the right thumb.

[15] A few light linear criss-crossing abrasions of the skin of the dorsum of the right hand involving mainly the medial half over the metacarpals.

[16] Two abrasions, each about 1 cm in greatest diameter, in the skin at the base of the dorsum of the right middle finger.

[17] A 2-3 mm fresh abrasion of the skin of the dorsum of the middle of the right 4th finger.

[18] Considerable partially dried blood over the hand and especially about the fingers and under the unpainted moderately long (2-3 mm) but not carefully manicured fingernails.

[19] Two fresh 3-5 mm greatest diameter abrasions in the skin over the 2nd IP (interphalangeal) joint of the lateral aspect of the right index finger.

[20] An irregular 1.3 cm greatest diameter recent abrasion of the skin over the 2nd IP joint of the medial aspect of the right little finger.

[21] A more or less AP interrupted fine abrasion type laceration in the skin of the base of the medial aspect of the right little finger.

[22] A curved and interrupted moderately deep laceration (2 cm overall} in the skin of the base of the lateral aspect of the right index finger.

[23] Two somewhat abraded fresh lacerations of the skin of the volar surface of the left forearm more or less in the mid portion. They run from lateral to medial, the longer is 4 cm and the shorter is 3.5 cm and more lateral than the former. These extend into the subcutaneous tissue.

[24] A more or less Y shape laceration in the skin of the dorsum of the left hand medially and at the junction of the wrist and hand.

[25] An irregular laceration of the skin of the dorsum of the left hand in line with the middle finger and is about the mid area.

[26] A 1.5 cm laceration in the skin of the back on the left side that is fresh, has sharp edge and gape.  It is horizontally orientated and its medial and is about 2 cm lateral to the midline and opposite the spinous process of T7 (7th thoracic vertebrae found in the middle of the chest).     

Picture
Picture
Picture
Neck Organs:
The thyroid cartilage is obliquely cut on each side. Each cut is about 3 cm long and angles from lateral above to medially below forming a somewhat Y shape structure with the apex at about the mid portion of the thyroid cartilage anteriorly. The upper edges are cut much deeper than the inferior portions. The medial edges of the upper portions of the right and left lobes of the thyroid are partially incised. The right and left superficial jugular veins are completely transected. The right common carotid artery is completely transected about 2 cm above its origin.
Cardiovascular System: 
The about 200 gram heart is in a pericardial sac that has no lesion of either surface or the space. There is no significant coronary artery disease, congenital anomaly, endocardial fibroelastosis or significant dilatios.

Respiratory System:
The about 400 gram lung is free in its pleural sac and has no lesion of its surface or interior. The about 400 gram left lung is also free in its pleural space. Two moderately superficial lacerations are in the anterior and medial of its upper lobe. There is no significant foreign body obstruction of the trachobronchial tree, pulmonary embola significant atelectasis (collapse of lung tissue with loss of volume), emphysema, pneumonia, significant hemorrhage into the lining of the larynx or about the other soft tissues about the larynx.

Gastrointestinal System:
There are no lesions of the peritoneum, omastum or mesentery. There are no lesions of the oesophagus. The stomach contains at least 100 millilitres of thick food with particulate food particles in which are easily recognized reasonably large pieces of apparently beef along with vegetable particles being either and/or celery and onion and white curd like particles floating in the gastric contents that appear to be either milk or cottage cheese. There is no lesion of the stomach, duodenum, remaining small bowel or large bowel including the rectum. The 120 gram pancreas is in its usual position and has no lesion of its surface or interior.
Hepatic System:
The about 1250 gram liver is in its usual position and has no lesion of its surface or interior. A gallbladder is present with no lesion of the wall or lumen including calculi and there are no lesions of the remaining extrahepatic biliary duct system.
Lymphocytic System:
The about 90 gram spleen is in its usual position and has no lesion of its surface or interior. There are no significant lymph node changes in the thorax or abdomen.
Urinary System:
Each about 160 gram kidney has a capsule that strips easily leaving a smooth cortical surface with no lesion. The interiors have the usual cortical and medullary markings with no lesions and there are no lesions of the calyceal systems, renal pelvis, urethra or urinal bladder.   
Reproductive System:
The external genitalia are those of an adult female. The vaginal orifice has no hymen but the usual ring of carcaculae are present. There is no significant amount of fluid in the vaginal canal, however, dry cotton swabs are taken. The uterus, ovaries and oviducts are present and there is no evidence of pregnancy.


Picture
Endocrine System:
Lacerations of the about 20 gram thyroid have been previously mentioned. There are no other lesions of its surface or interior. Each adrenal is in its usual position, has no lesion of its surface or interior and they total about 11 grams.
Skeletal and Muscular Systems:
There is a 1.5 cm oblique cut in the bony portion of the 5th rib anteriorly on the left corresponding somewhat to the skin lacerations over it. There are no other bony lesions and fractures are looked for. The lacerations of skeletal and muscle have been mentioned under specific areas.  


[26] A 1.5 cm laceration in the skin of the back on the left side that is fresh, has sharp edge and gape.  It is horizontally orientated and its medial and is about 2 cm lateral to the midline and opposite the spinous process of T7 (7th thoracic vertebrae found in the middle of the chest). See picture above.  


Anatomic Diagnoses:
Lacerations of face, neck, hands, arm, forearms, lung, common carotid artery, thyroid and thyroid cartilage.
Abrasions of face, hands and forearms. Petichiae of forehead.
Death Certificate Diagnosis:
Hemorrhage, due to laceration of right carotid artery.


Picture
Picture
Comments by Rene Modglin:
Death is due to exanguination due to severed right carotid artery due to laceration of neck due to probable knife. As the result of the rapid blood loss the subject would go into shock rapidly and undoubtedly would become unconscious and die in several minutes. The time interval of minutes might make one wonder why she wouldn't scream and run for help, however, it is very likely that the suddenness and fear caused by the attack caused her to faint, hence, allowing for many long and loud calls for help. The syncope would then blend into the unconsciousness from blood loss and into death.

The state of rigor mortis, post mortem lividity and body temperature at 09:23, 31st October 1966 indicated she had been dead between 9 and 12 hours.

The lacerations are typical of knife cuts and the minimum instrument dimensions for a knife blade would be half inch wide and three and a half inches long. There were no "tell tale" marks to indicate it had been plunged in "up to the hilt". The position(s) of the assailant is/are not "proof positive" from the study of the body.

The gastric contents suggest she had eaten a supper type meal probably not more than 2-4 hours before her death.

Vaginal contents for spermatazoa, spermine and choline.  

At least 7 lacerations involve the neck.

The right common carotid artery is transected only once.

The sequence of the lacerations of the neck cannot be absolutely established nor is there any reasonable suggestion of their order of occurrence from the examination of the body.


Picture
THE CHERI JO BATES AUTOPSY FINDINGS - PART TWO
BB
2/9/2020 11:05:03 am

Road rash abrasions often caused by a road surface scraping the skin. Almost like she was thrown there in an unconscious state. Were there drag marks on the ground? This would provide evidence for two perps. But, then again she could have been shoved from in-back. Interesting.

Richard
2/9/2020 11:24:52 am

No drag matks were documented BB. However, the way this crime has been portrayed on the internet (including some of my earlier articles) is so wide of the mark. I will do another article following this one, and it certainly won't paint a picture of a woman stabbed multiple times in an uncontrolled attack. Ray Grant offers the notion of a controlled attack involving two perpetrators - and while this cannot be ruled out based on the autopsy report - neither can one lone individual.

Roger
2/10/2020 09:29:42 pm

"Tests for barbiturates, narcotics and ethanol - negative"

That tends to rule out the bizarre theory we sometimes come across on forums, which seek to paint Cheri Jo as a "not so good party girl". There is the story for instance that she was off at a party somewhere else with other teenagers before she was killed. I have never subscribed to that theory for a second, because it flies in the face of all the available evidence. I personally think she was in the library from the time she arrived to the time she left (whenever that was). She must have been keeping her head down, or the librarians were so preoccupied they stamped her books without bothering to look at her. As the evidence suggests, I do believe she may have had at least one jealous ex-boyfriend, perhaps more, and may have also had "secret admirers" who she had not been aware of. She was a pretty girl and was popular. She did not seem to be in a very sociable mood the night she went to the library. The evidence suggests she was hasty and keeping her head down, perhaps thinking only of her assignment - the bibliography of which she had lost and had to redo from scratch. She may have had something else weighing on her mind too - an ex who resented the fact that she had broken up with him to marry someone else. There is some evidence that she phoned her friend twice asking her to come to the library with her. This insistence on the part of Cheri Jo could suggest that she had felt apprehensive about visiting the library alone that evening. forgive me if I seem to be taking the side of Riverside PD in this case, but I have studied it long and hard and this scenario now seems to be the most logical and plausible to me. A serial killer would have come more prepared as we see from the Zodiac at Lake Berryessa. The Zodiac would not have visited a scene with the intention of killing someone with a puny little pocket knife. No, this was a crime of passion. It does not have the MO of a serial killer.

Richard
2/11/2020 01:57:22 am

I don't think she was in the library subsequent to about 6:20 pm, but I also don't think that this unprepared loser who murdered her had the gumption to advance disable her vehicle in a prepared attack. He supposedly strategically renders her vehicle useless in advance of time, but cannot perform a strategic controlled attack on a young 18-year-old freshman with a knife. I believe the person ripped the distributor from the vehicle of CJB, in what amounts to a hissy fit when he didn't get his own way. Probably when she told him to bugger off and she got in her vehicle to leave. He pulls open the bonnet and pulls the wire. The disabling of the vehicle and subsequent attack one continuos sequence of events. My guess, is the person she was with during the 4 hour window is her killer. Somebody she knew, but also somebody she was trying to appease. When his sexual advances were spurned (evident in the Confession letter rhetoric) he blew a gasket, pulling the wire and attacking her in an uncontrolled and disorganised fashion. This was an infantile loser who couldn't take rejection. We see this in many cases of domestic murder, in the "if I can't have you, nobody can" mould. The Confession letter probably even has a ring of truth to it, when he talks of rejection from females within it. I doubt the Confession letter specificy is true, but the overarching tone of the letter is of a person who cannot take rejection and is unable to resist telling everyone so. His course of action - to cut off womens private parts and post them all over town. The impulsive revenge and rejection so ably demonstrated in the Riverside alleyway.

Roger
2/11/2020 02:29:51 am

I agree entirely, that does seem the most plausible explanation. Otherwise we end up with less plausible scenarios 1) an anonymous "wolf in sheep's clothing" had deliberately set out to deceive and attack her. With what? A pocket knife? Or 2) she was abducted against her will and driven about before being returned to the library some time before her murder. Or 3) she was held prisoner in a nearby vacant building for hours. Why? The most plausible explanation is the one Richard has just provided.

Really, the only link we have between Riverside and Zodiac comes about due to a school kid named Zlacket, who in the early 60s, long before the advent of the Zodiac killer, had called himself "Zodiac". There are rumors that he had also adopted the gunsight symbol and drew this on the blackboard. He had also apparently warned his bullies that he would turn them into slaves for his afterlife if they messed with him. I must say that if any of those rumors are true, that would indeed be very uncanny. It would almost appear that the Zodiac killer had adopted Zlacket's "Zodiac" persona, which also places him in the Riverside area in the early 1960s. A school teacher, janitor, or another student seems likely, and perhaps, just perhaps, that same person thought he would play a little game by later accepting the contention of detectives that he was the killer of Cheri Jo Bates. In fact he was probably paying homage to the same area that had given him the Zodiac persona. Dropping such a veiled clue would have no doubt satisfied the Zodiac's gluttony for self-promotion while throwing in a hint of irony with regards to the location. If the rumors are true, and Zlacket himself has done little to dispel them, I think that the Zodiac killer was indeed in Riverside in the early 60s, but I do not believe he murdered Cheri Jo Bates. I think by that time he had probably moved on to the Bay area.

BB
2/29/2020 12:14:27 pm

Richard and Roger I agree with you for the most part. But you make it sound like you are completely dismissing the possibility that the Zodiac did this crime as an inexperienced younger creep:
-------
Note that there are three different types of hemorrhage in the same patient:
- subdural hematoma,
- intraparenchymal hemorrhage (from contusion), and
- subarachnoid blood.

Hemorrhagic (Hypovolemic) Shock

Hemorrhagic shock occurs when the body begins to shut down due to large amounts of blood loss. People suffering injuries that involve heavy bleeding may go into hemorrhagic shock if the bleeding isn’t stopped immediately.

Common causes of hemorrhagic shock include:

severe burns
deep cuts
gunshot wounds
trauma
amputations

According to the National Trauma Institute, hemorrhagic shock is the second leading cause of death in people with traumatic injuries. Hemorrhagic shock is one of many kinds of medical shock, which are different from emotional (non-medical) shock.

What Causes Hemorrhagic Shock?
When heavy bleeding occurs, there’s not enough blood flow to the organs in your body. Blood carries oxygen and other essential substances to your organs and tissues. When heavy bleeding occurs, these substances are lost more quickly than they can be replaced and organs in the body begin to shut down.

As your heart shuts down and fails to circulate an adequate amount of blood through your body, symptoms of shock occur. Blood pressure plummets and there’s a massive drop in body temperature

https://www.healthline.com/health/hemorrhagic-shock

The lacerations are typical of knife cuts and the minimum instrument dimensions for a knife blade would be half inch wide and three and a half inches long. There were no "tell tale" marks to indicate it had been plunged in "up to the hilt".
------
It did not have a hilt - if it was your typical pocket/jack knife.
I am very familiar with knives of all shapes, sizes ect.. However,
you can verify on your own that - in those days the typical jack knife had at-least two blades and probably a can opener as-well.
This is probably how the killer of CJB was able to continue the assault after his knife broke. Which broke by the blade tang being twisted out-free of the handles hinge due to the attacker's force exceeding it's capability. Requiring him to eject out another blade. Which was probably a shorter blade. During this delay is when he surly kicked CJB. Which in my estimation would be better described as a stomp due to the road rash like markings/injuries to her face. What followed was the cutting of the right carotid artery. Proving he used his right hand (rh). The music room desk poem ended in small "rh" with a small knife to show everyone how little is takes to kill someone. Music signs (especially piano) "rh" stands for right hand.

https://books.google.com/books?id=7Qg6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=rh+in+music+lingo+means+right+hand&source=bl&ots=lWHV2Hbnb7&sig=ACfU3U38rRKvOb9jMq_uu2jKBZge54hbkQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi__aO7wffnAhWZJjQIHWp4DOQQ6AEwBHoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=rh%20in%20music%20lingo%20means%20right%20hand&f=false


Here the Zodiac spelled Riverside with a small "r"

http://www.zodiackiller.com/LATimesLetter2.html

The latter attack at Lake Berryessa was possibly done by the same perpatrator. He could have just wanted to prove that he learned from his mistakes. This time coming prepared with a knife that had a full tang.

Roger
2/29/2020 01:39:05 pm

Richard, correct me if I am wrong, but I cannot find any evidence that the knife actually broke. One would think if that was the case, the blade would have remained inside the body of the victim unless the killer spent time removing it. The police would later call for a search for a murder weapon, stating it to be a small knife. They did not ask the public to "look for a knife with a missing blade", unless they were keeping this evidence to themselves because it was something only the killer and the police would know about. This whole thing about the knife breaking could have been nothing more than an embellishment on the part of the letter writer.

Also if he broke off the larger knife and then had to resort, midway through the assault to fiddling about with his knife to open a smaller tang, that would mean the knife wounds should have got smaller. They were consistent throughout, suggesting only one knife blade was used during the assault. Next thing people will be suggesting he actually carried a Swiss army knife and ended up stabbing her with the corkscrew!

BB, I now doubt that the desktop poem or The Confession letter were sent by the killer of Cheri Jo Bates. I think the desktop poem relates most likely to an earlier crime, and I think The Confession was most likely a hoax strung together from things that were easily obtainable from news reports on the TV and in the papers. This hoax was perpetrated most likely from someone who had some dramatic literary flare and who got a thrill out of seeing their work published in the paper.

The "Bates had to die" letters were possibly from the killer, or an associate of the killer, but it is difficult to rule out a hoax too, mainly because Cheri Jo Bates was so popular and high school age students can be as cruel as they are silly. Popular girls tend to often fall foul of WASP culture and inexperienced young people frequently do stupid things. Popular students can be hated and resented as much as they are admired, and sometimes these antagonistic feelings can come from unexpected sources, even from the admirers. Well we have all gone through high school and know how ugly WASP culture can be. I think any resentful or spiteful student who secretly harbored a grudge and thought Cheri Jo "deserved it", could have been capable of posting those letters. WASP culture can be mean, and was certainly alive and well in 1960s Riverside.

BB
2/29/2020 03:48:20 pm

Quite possibly the knife broke but not the blade. As stated in the confession letter. That and the blow to the head from something of the force of a kick may have been the things only the writer of the letter knew. These are the reasons I am assuming the detectives thought that only the killer could have known.

Roger
3/1/2020 03:57:25 pm

For many years the committed investigator Lyndon Lafferty thought the Zodiac may have been responsible for the murder of Naomi Sanders.

Fast forward February of this year, the case has been solved.

https://www.abc10.com/article/news/crime/dna-leads-to-deceased-rape-suspect/103-32e23016-15f7-4931-9999-d0b1900d7243

Vallejo PD have linked Robert Dale Edwards inextricably to the case by a DNA match. Unfortunately, Edwards would have been far too young to have been the Zodiac.

I realize Edwards is a fairly common surname, but I wonder if there is any chance Robert Dale Edwards and Edward Wayne Edwards are related? Did Robert Dale Edwards also hail from Ohio?

BB
3/1/2020 05:31:12 pm

Vallejo police said Thursday they identified the suspect accused of raping and strangling Naomi Sanders inside her apartment in February 1973. The 57-year-old divorcee lived alone and was the apartment building's manager when she was attacked. The suspect, identified as Robert Dale Edwards, died in 1993 from a drug overdose. Detectives were able to make contact with his son and collect his DNA and match it to DNA collected from the crime scene.

Robert Dale Edwards what was his dob

Roger
3/1/2020 06:02:41 pm

BB, I found one report that said he was 22 at the time of the murder in 1973. So that means he was 15 years old at the time Cheri Jo Bates was murdered, and 18 in 1969. I guess that would still put him "in the ball park" for Zodiac for some people. He may have been a man who looked older than his years, particularly if he had a history of drug abuse? The LB suspect wore outdated pleated trousers and Bryan seemed to consider him rather common. Yet both he and the girls said he had neatly combed hair that was parted and slicked back. I wonder what Robert Edwards weight was like at that time?

Roger
3/1/2020 06:21:14 pm

This is interesting too BB!

Naomi Sanders worked as the manager of Oakwood Avenue Apartments, and Robert Dale Edwards was a co-worker.

If you get some time, go to Google maps and check out how close this is to Blue Rock Springs park! It is virtually just down the road!

Roger
3/1/2020 06:45:39 pm

And of course Oakeoowd Apartments are also very close to Lake Herman Road! What a perfect way for a killer using a car to disappear, as if into thin air. He had plenty of streets to go down and was always only a few minutes from his home base. He had means and opportunity, plus a quick avenue of escape. This is of course IF he was working there as early as 1969?

BB
3/2/2020 08:30:13 am

Oakwood Avenue Apartments search on google got me too many things is this it?

1033 Oakwood Ave, Vallejo, CA 94591


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    The Zodiac Killer may have given us the answer almost word-for-word when he wrote PS. The Mt. Diablo Code concerns Radians & # inches along the radians. The code solution identified was Estimate: Four Radians and Five Inches To read more, click the image.
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    The Zodiac Atlas: The Zodiac Killer Enigma by Randall Scott Clemons. Click image for details.
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    The Zodiac Killer Map: Part of the Zodiac Killer Enigma by Randall Scott Clemons. Click image for color version
    For black and white issue..
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Photos used under Creative Commons from Marcin Wichary, zAppledot, vyusseem, Alex Barth, Alan Cleaver, jocelynsart, Richard Perry, taberandrew, eschipul, MrJamesAckerley