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Richard Grinell, Coventry, England
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THE SHOTS INTO THE RAMBLER

5/3/2016

 
James Owen passed the Lake Herman Road turnout shortly after 11:00 pm on December 20th 1968. He was the only eyewitness to spot a second vehicle alongside David Faraday's 1961 Rambler Station Wagon, giving two accounts of what he saw that night. The first on 12/21/1968, he stated "he saw two cars parked near the entrance to the pumping station. He stated the car parked nearest to the road was a 1955 or 1956 station wagon, boxy type, neutral color. The other was parked to the right and abreast of the station wagon. The cars were about ten feet apart."  In his second statement on 12/24/1968 "he definitely saw two cars, a station wagon and another vehicle, parked approximately three or four feet to the right of the station wagon. He did not see anyone in the cars or around them. He stated as he had traveled approximately one quarter of a mile beyond, he thought he heard a shot. He had his car radio on low."
​

Whether James Owen unquestionably heard a gunshot is unknown, because he couldn't state definitively, only "he thought he heard a shot". He also gave two distances between the vehicles, however, it is extremely unlikely the vehicles were ever 3-4 feet apart, for which, one reason will be explained later, the other being that David Faraday was found lying on the turnout floor with his feet nearly touching the right rear wheel of the Rambler and his body extended perpendicular from it, indicating this is likely how he fell. Had the suspect vehicle been 3-4 feet away, David Faraday would surely have struck this vehicle, altering his position to the one discovered by responding officers later that night.

During the attack that night a total of 10 shots were fired, but only 8 bullets were recovered: 5 from the attack on Betty Lou Jensen, 1 from the head of David Faraday and 2 were retrieved from the Rambler. Two bullets were never recovered.
Zodiac author, Robert Graysmith, would claim that the murderer rounded the vehicle and shot a bullet into the left rear wheel well, to herd the couple from the right side of the Rambler. This never occurred, as no shell casings were recovered from the left side of the Rambler, and furthermore, the police themselves released a photograph tracing the path of a bullet as it entered the right rear window and which subsequently lodged in the left rear wheel well. The other bullet entered the headliner of the vehicle, 56 inches from ground level, and traveled virtually horizontal, before striking the upper interior region of the Rambler on the left side. 
Picture
The picture on the right shows the trajectory of the bullet fired into the window. It traveled downwards at an angle of 17 degrees to the horizontal, before it stuck the left rear wheel well. Using this angle, the height of the Zodiac Killer, the dimensions of the Rambler, and a liberal sprinkling of trigonometry, it is possible to discover exactly the distance the shooter was standing from the Rambler when this shot was fired.
​
It could be argued that the assailant fired two warning shots, before escalating his threat and firing two shots into the Rambler - although these two shots may equally have been the initial opening gambit of the killer. The final six shots were reserved for the victims, David Faraday and Betty Lou Jensen. David Faraday was gunned down at point blank range by the right rear wheel, with Betty Lou Jensen fleeing in a westerly direction toward the Vallejo edge of the turnout, before succumbing. ​The following diagram uses trigonometry and the concept of the internal angles of a triangle totaling 180 degrees to calculate any remaining values.   

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The shooter on the left is approximated from eyewitness accounts at 5'10" in height, giving him a shoulder height of roughly 60 inches. The bullet entered the right rear window, just above the chrome stripping, and based on the specifications of a 1961 Rambler, gives us an approximate entry point of 43 inches from the turnout floor. These two heights form the basis of two right-angled triangles.
​
In the trigonometry calculator here, we can place in the 17 degree and 73 degree angles, and the shoulder height or side height of 60 inches. This gives us a value for the distance between the shooter's feet and where the bullet would have struck had it not been impeded by the left rear wheel well of the Rambler. This value is 196 inches. To now get the distance of the shooter from the Rambler, we must calculate the length of the lower red line from the right side of the Rambler to the end of the bullet path, then deduct it from 196 inches. ​The side height or bullet entry point in the Rambler window is 43 inches and we still have the same two angles of 73 and 17 degrees, so we can now calculate this new distance. This value is nearly 141 inches.

This gives us a shooter distance from the Rambler of 55 inches (196-141), or 4 feet 7 inches. This means with an extended arm, the gun was likely only 25-30 inches from the Rambler window when fired. If, for example, the bullet trajectory is steepened to 20 degrees from the horizontal, this would place the shooter inside of 4 feet. The steeper the angle, the closer the shooter becomes. The height of the Rambler is 57 inches and the shooter's shoulder height is approximately 60 inches, which explains why the other shot into the headliner of the vehicle traveled virtually horizontal with little deviation and therefore failed to exit the glass on the left side of the Rambler. It is extremely likely that this was the first shot fired into the Rambler that night as the assailant exited his vehicle.   

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You will notice that the bullet that struck the window could not have been fired from the suspect gun immediately after he left his vehicle, if his vehicle was parked directly alongside the Rambler approximately 10 feet away (as shown in the police diagrams). The bullet entered the window to the left side of the right rear wheel arch and embedded into the left rear wheel well at a 17 degree angle. A bullet fired from the driver side of a vehicle parked 10 feet or more away would have a much flatter trajectory and missed the left rear wheel well entirely. It would have likely struck just below the left rear window. This means the shooter was 4 and one half feet away and virtually alongside the right rear wheel when he took this shot. The gun barely over 2 feet away (25-30 inches).
​
The estimated distance of the shooter from the Rambler and body position of David Faraday at least rules out the suspect vehicle being parked 3-4 feet away, as claimed in James Owen's second statement. But what does this prove? It may just indicate, that the killer never drew up directly alongside the Rambler, but having possibly parked his vehicle slightly back, so that his driver side door was adjacent to the rear door of the Rambler, changing the dynamics of the sequence, and thereby allowing the assailant to discharge these two bullets with reasonable haste upon exiting his vehicle and initiating the attack on December 20th 1968. There are of course multiple ways this attack may have unfolded, but the only thing we know for certain is how it ended. 

Ray Grant link
5/3/2016 02:12:15 pm

Keep in mind that the shots into the car could have been fired AFTER the victims were shot, to leave the impression that they'd been driven from the car by the shots, when in fact they'd been abducted and then walked at gunpoint to their ultimate positions.

"Whether James Owen heard a shot is unknown, he couldn't state definitively, only he thought he heard a shot."

But Owen didn't hear a sudden volley of shots, as would presumably have been the case if the Zodiac had fired the warning shots into the car within that 30-second interval when Owen was in earshot, so to speak.

"David Faraday was found lying on the turnout, with his feet nearly touching the right rear wheel of the Rambler and his body extended perpendicular from it, so this is likely how he fell. Had the suspect vehicle been 3-4 feet away, David Faraday would surely have struck this vehicle, altering his position."

Good point, I hadn't thought of that one. The medical examiner, who only examined David's head (in 1968 apparently they would sometimes do a limited autopsy where they would examine just the assaulted area, even in an obvious homicide), also found no additional trauma injuries to his skull, which would have been present had David's head struck the other car on the way down. I believe David fell at a 45° angle toward the front of the car.

"Robert Graysmith would claim the murderer rounded the vehicle and shot a bullet into the left rear wheel well, to herd the couple from the right side of the Rambler. No shell casings were recovered from the left side of the Rambler, and furthermore the police themselves released a photograph tracing the path of a bullet, as it entered the right rear window and subsequently lodged in the left rear wheel well."

Both Graysmith and I stand corrected, but I blame Graysmith for my own error.

"It could be argued that the assailant fired two warning shots, before escalating his threat and firing two shots into the Rambler, although these may possibly have been the initial opening gambit."

Well, that's one interpretation, though if he'd fired four shots in his approach, you'd think Owen would have heard the volley.

"This gives us a shooter distance from the Rambler of 55 inches (196-141), or 4 feet 7 inches. This means with an extended arm, the gun was likely only 25-30 inches from the Rambler window when fired."

VERY impressive work, RIchard. Isn't it amazing how much more interesting detailed analysis is, compared to the vague suppositions and assumptions made on Zodiac Killer message boards (by hobbyists)?

We now know something we didn't know before, that the killer's gun was fired when it was 2-3 feet from the car. But that fact begs a question: if he was that close, and since the passenger side front door window was found open, why wouldn't he just thrust the gun into the window? Instead of firing at least two, and possibly four shots during his approach, shots which were not heard by the only passing witness (James Owen)?

"You will notice that the bullet that struck the window could not have been fired from the suspect gun immediately after he left his vehicle, if his vehicle was parked directly alongside the Rambler (as shown in the police diagrams). The bullet entered the window to the left side of the right rear wheel arch and entered the left rear wheel well, the bullet had to be traveling either virtually straight, or left to right in respect to the shooter, with a 17 degree tilt. This means the shooter was 4 and one half feet and virtually alongside the right rear wheel when he took this shot."

This of course assumes that the shooter's normal path would be from his driver door more or less directly to the front passenger side door of the Rambler. In any case, the odd path he took, and James Owen's (apparently) not hearing multiple shots, is consistent with the shots not being fired immediately upon his approach.

"The distance of the shooter from the Rambler at least rules out the suspect vehicle being parked 3-4 feet away, stated in James Owen's second statement."

By the way, contrary to Mike Morford's analysis, there is no (apparent) advantage to James Owen, if he's the Zodiac, to changing his estimate from ten feet to 3-4 feet. In any case, he was right the first time.

"Well it may just indicate that the killer never drew up directly alongside the Rambler, and may have parked slightly back, his driver side door adjacent to the rear door of the Rambler, changing the dynamics of the sequence and allowing the assailant to discharge these two bullets, creating these two impact sites, immediately on exiting his vehicle"

But Owen didn't hear multiple shots, and one assumes that shots into the car would be a bit noisier than shots fired into the air.

Excellent work. You remind me of me!

sandy betts link
5/14/2016 11:12:48 am

Shots fired into anything is just as loud as if they were fired into the air. The noise comes from the bullet leaving the chamber. The only time that it wouldn't be heard as loudly, is if it had a silencer or was put next to something like a head, such was the case when Stine was shot.. Even thought the teens say they didn't hear a shot, something drew them to that window. The people south of them heard the shot.
Guns are loud some more than others. A 22 is not as loud as a 9 mil..

David's body was not at a 45 degree angle when he fell, look at the chalk marking where his body was, it looks to me that he went straight back. The shots into the car could have been fired a minute or so apart when there wasn't traffic. To scare them out of the car. I believe that he made them stand facing the car with there hands up telling them it was a hold up or something like that. He had to make sure the coast was clear before he shot them and he likes to see how much fear he could cause. The traffic was much less at 11pm and after, because of the shift change at Syar and Humbil oil. In three of Zodiac's crimes he went after the male first and took a bit longer with the females. I think he shot David first and that is when Betty Lou ran to the other side of the Zodiac;s car for cover perhaps? I don't understand why we are so sure that Zodiac left and went towards Benicia instead of Vallejo, you can get to Vallejo either way. Going the other way would have gotten him there faster.

Richard
5/15/2016 08:12:44 am

Zodiac stated in the July 31st Chronicle letter "the girl was on her right side feet to the west." This is the position stated by Stella Medeiros when she passed the turnout shortly after the murders. The crime scene photographs show Betty Lou Jensen face down, at least indicating Zodiac was likely at the crime scene just prior to Stella Medeiros. This position had to be gained first hand, it wasn't published in the newspapers and only available via the police report, unless we assume Zodiac had access to it. If therefore Stella Medeiros passed the stricken Betty Lou Jensen in this position, she was a matter of minutes after Zodiac. She remembers passing no vehicles. It is not impossible however Zodiac traveled west to Vallejo, it obviously depends on the exact timeline. I always believed he lived in Benicia, because after the murder at Blue Rock Springs he made a phone call 38 minutes after the crime. It takes 38 minutes, with a 10 minute turnaround to ditch the weapon, from BRS to Benicia and back to Springs and Tuolumne. Coupled with him not being seen by Stella Medeiros, leans me towards Benicia, plus in his copious correspondence he couldn't help mentioning Vallejo many times, as though to push it down our throats, and even though his first crime was inside Benicia limits, he never mentions Benicia in any of his correspondence. But I certainly am not closed on the Vallejo angle.

Thomas Henry Horan link
7/14/2016 10:21:22 pm

Well, the problem with your hypothesis is, it doesn't account for the locations where the shell casings were found. They indicate that the first shot was fired by someone standing next to the other car on the PASSENGER side, and firing the shot into the passenger rear window of the Rambler. The second shot was fired from in front of the second car, and grazed the roof of the Rambler. And so on. This video explains the entire sequence of shots: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBBQTFjeXp4

Ray Grant link
5/3/2016 02:23:24 pm

Apropos the Lake Herman Road shootings, Mike Butterfield mentioned, in his recent House of Mystery radio program, that a Zodiac message board poster had pointed out that the wording in the Zodiac letter about the flashlight attached to the gun barrel is taken from an Alfred Hitchcock Presents program from 1961. The wording isn't identical, but quite similar, and it's possible that's where the idea came from.

"He'd invented a foolproof gadget for night shooting. A spotlight mounted on his .22 in such a way that his shot would strike the exact center of the circle of light."

Alfred Hitchcock Presents, "Museum Piece," Season 6, Episode 25, 4 April 1961
William C. Morrison (story), Harold Swanton (teleplay)

Here's a link to the video on You Tube:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GyAiEZrp1-M

The passage in question occurs from 5:49-5:57 of the video

Richard
5/3/2016 02:51:41 pm

I shall have a look tomorrow and comment, getting late here.

Richard
5/3/2016 03:43:36 pm

http://blog.modernmechanix.com/battery-flashlight-gives-positive-gun-sight-in-darkness/

Richard
5/3/2016 02:49:41 pm

Here's one I just thought of, it is totally irrelevant and gets us absolutely nowhere, but I just wondered about it. If you look at Betty Lou Jensen's autopsy, despite the Zodiac firing five shots from very close range, with a pencil flashlight targeting system, up to 10 feet or 28 feet away depending on who you believe, the obvious place to aim is centrally, making sure you stop the victim. Not one shot struck centrally, all were on the right side, and three, but for a few inches nearly missed. Either the shooter was a really poor shot or inexperienced with a gun, or his so-called pencil flashlight was misaligned, the circle projected centrally, but the gun was aligned slightly to the right. Also, assuming the flashlight was attached throughout, to what extent did blood spatter affect the sighting implement after shooting David Faraday at close range. Or was the flashlight never a reality, the only lighting being projected from the vehicles, hence the possibility his shooting was impaired and could indicate he fired 7 shots at Betty Lou and missed twice. I know you don't believe he likely missed Betty Lou, but his visibility would be greatly affected by having no pencil flashlight, after all we only have his word for it, and appeared to change complete tack during BRS, where he reverted to a floating lantern, as you say.

Ray Grant link
5/3/2016 09:33:53 pm

"Or was the flashlight never a reality, the only lighting being projected from the vehicles, hence the possibility his shooting was impaired and could indicate he fired 7 shots at Betty Lou and missed twice."

The nighttime lighting conditions in the Gate #10 turnout on Lake Herman Road are extreme, to say the least. Look again at the Ultimate Zodiac Video #10 on You Tube:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IbwSr5FWVq8

Ed Neil is visible because he has a car's headlights aimed at him. I'm not sure how visible he'd be if he were illuminated only by the dome lights from inside the two vehicles. And the pattern of shots, however off-center it is, still suggests that the shooter had gotten a bead on the fleeing victim, particularly since the first shot was the uppermost wound, and the remainder of the hits were lower, so you have a "leveling-off" effect.

"I know you don't believe he likely missed Betty Lou, but his visibility would be greatly affected by having no pencil flashlight, after all we only have his word for it, and appeared to change complete tack during BRS, where he reverted to a floating lantern, as you say."

Well, he changed his guns and his modus operandi with each crime, and we do have witnesses for the other three.

There's a single granule of GSR near the uppermost wound, which means that the first shot was fired when the victim was right at the limit for GSR, about five feet. If a shot is fired when the victim is closer, say 2-3 feet, even if he misses, the gun barrel would still deposit a load of GSR on her back, which it didn't. So he didn't miss with the first shot.

As I said, the pattern of wounds is consistent with his having drawn a bead on the victim. So I'm assuming, based on the evidence, that he hit her with shots 1-5. The victim fell backward after presumably running away, so again, I'm assuming she runs, comes to a stop as the bullets hit her, falters, and then falls backward. Under those circumstances, particularly if he has a flashlight attached to the barrel, it's hard to imagine him missing her twice.

But I'll concede that it's impossible to know for sure.

Alex Lewis
5/6/2016 01:01:40 pm

I keep getting emails from someone with the title of email being LED Battery Powered Flashlight and they come with pictures. In the first one there is a beam of light illuminating the side of a building and adjacent to it at the top of a street light is a clear cross hair. I don't bother opening them anymore.

Richard
5/4/2016 12:05:00 am

You mentioned GSR near the uppermost wound.
During the OJ Simpson trial, apart from the Mark Fuhrman fiasco, heavy police presence trampling over the crime scene and cross contamination between OJ's house, his vehicle and the crime scene proved the prosecutions undoing in securing a conviction.
The question with the GSR in the Betty Lou Jensen case, is was the residue on her dress or on her body near the wound. Had one of the killers or the killer held Betty Lou Jensen prior to ordering her to run, and after previously firing his gun, then simple contact with his hands or the muzzle of the gun may be responsible for a speck of GSR, as opposed to the actual firing of the gun inside of five feet. If however the GSR was present on her skin this could have resulted via cross contamination. When Butterbach and Waterman arrived at 11.52 pm, "the body was covered with a gray blanket." I have read nothing on origin of this blanket. But if this blanket was taken from a police vehicle and draped over the back of Betty Lou Jensen's body or effectively brought into the scene from an outside source and introduced to the crime scene, then the evidentiary value of the GSR in a criminal case today would be effectively useless, due to cross contamination. Had this blanket been placed there by ambulance crew the same cross contamination could be argued. At this point, unless we know the origin and journey of the blanket, one speck of residue from this blanket could be transferred into the scene. We are after all talking about very small transference here and not substantial GSR on the victim's back, which would undoubtedly have confirmed a close first shot. What is your take.

Ray Grant link
5/4/2016 03:37:50 am

First of all, I don't think OJ was acquitted because the evidence was contaminated, and if the evidence was contaminated, its admissability should have been challenged by defense forensic experts, and then ruled upon by the judge, and not left up to the jury to decide one way or another.

"Had one of the killers or the killer held Betty Lou Jensen prior to ordering her to run, and after previously firing his gun, then simple contact with his hands or the muzzle of the gun may be responsible for a speck of GSR, as opposed to the actual firing of the gun inside of five feet."

Well, that's an awfully specific speck, isn't it? It just happens to be near the uppermost wound, which would be the most logical first shot, since there will be a "leveling-off" effect, with the gun either lowering slightly or raising slightly as a bead is drawn on the target. And if the killer had already fired the gun and then touched Betty Lou, there should be LOTS of GSR transfer, not just one granule.

"At this point, unless we know the origin and journey of the blanket, one speck of residue from this blanket could be transferred into the scene. We are after all talking about very small transference here and not substantial GSR on the victim's back, which would undoubtedly have confirmed a close first shot. What is your take."

Again, I don't agree because of the specificity of the placement of this particular GSR, versus the vagueness of what you're talking about. They pulled a blanket out of a police vehicle, and just by chance, a single granule of GSR from the blanket made its way to a spot near the uppermost wound.

The single granule of GSR is consistent with the shot pattern, since, assuming that single granule was the result of the first shot, the next four shots, when she would have been further away, did not deposit GSR on her. So if we assume the single granule was the result of a shot at the limit for GSR (about five feet), and she was found 28 feet 6 inches from the back of the station wagon (according to the police report, which granted also says ten feet), there is a progression in distance from first shot to last that matches the amount of GSR found.

I would tend to think that if a blanket contained GSR, there would be more transfer than a single granule, and that the pattern would be relatively haphazard (for example, she might get GSR from the blanket on the front of her dress).


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