ZODIAC CIPHERS
Richard Grinell, Coventry, England
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THE SECOND WEAPON AT LAKE HERMAN ROAD?

2/21/2018

 
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"The new evidence of a possible accomplice at the murder scene consists of a .38 caliber bullet hole in the roof panel of the Faraday station wagon. The hole is on the passenger side of the vehicle and is slightly forward of a .22 caliber bullet hole in the rear window on that side. Lunblad declined to speculate on the importance of the .38 hole. He did say Faraday's parents had said the hole had not been there before, and the hole appeared new to him. Lunblad had previously said he thought the bullet had been fired through the window to speed the couple's exit from the vehicle. The .38 caliber bullet could have been fired for the same purpose. It was also revealed for the first time that ten .22 caliber long rifle bullet casings were found at the murder scene. One slug was fired though the window, one was pumped into the head of Faraday and five were fired into the back of Miss Jensen. The killer apparently missed with three shots". Vallejo Evening News Chronicle: 12/23/68.

Bearing in mind ten .22 casings were observed at the crime scene, investigators must have considered more than ten shots were fired, to accommodate the perceived .38 bullet hole. Investigators eventually realized that that no .38 bullet was involved in the shootings, stating "Only one gun was used in the double slaying Friday night on Lake Herman Road, of Vallejo teenagers David L Faraday and Betty Lou Jensen, and in shooting up their car, it was learned positively Monday by Sheriff's Sgt Leslie B Lunblad. The investigator said that what appeared to be a .38 caliber bullet hole in the roof of the Faraday station wagon actually was made by a small caliber bullet as the same size as those that killed the two youngsters". The premise of one gun and one shooter, however, is inherently flawed - not only from the standpoint that just nine casings were sent and analyzed by the Department of Justice, Bureau of Criminal Identification and Investigation, but the interpretation of the evidence submitted. Nowhere in the DOJ report does it positively confirm that one gun was used in the Lake Herman Road murders. In fact, the following will show that there is no evidence proving that one shooter was responsible, and the switching to a 'lone crazed gunman' in the eyes of the investigators has no evidence to support such a claim.
   
The 'Physical Evidence Examination Report' was submitted on January 3rd 1969, and listed the following items for testing.      

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We know 10 casings were present at the crime scene (9 casings on the turnout floor and 1 casing inside the Rambler on the front passenger floorboard), but only 9 casings were recorded and tested for identifying marks. We know 8 bullets were recorded as being retrieved (5 shots at Betty Lou Jensen, 1 shot at David Faraday and 2 recovered from the Rambler). But again, one can see in the list above, that only 7 bullets have been submitted into evidence. We have a missing bullet and missing casing. The missing bullet is highly unlikely to be connected to the missing casing, nevertheless, with two pieces of missing evidence, it could never be argued that a second gun and second shooter were not a key player in the December 20th 1968 double murder. This has been covered before - although we will delve a little further.
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The premise here, is that a possibility remains that two shooters were present in the vehicle that pulled alongside the Faraday Rambler that night. The assailant in the driver side exited closest to the Rambler and fired into the headliner and window to force the couple from the vehicle. Betty Lou Jensen is first to exit the Rambler and is secured by the same individual, who would later release her and fire the five shots that struck her back. This individual could very well be responsible for 9 of the 10 shots fired that night. The assailant in the passenger side of the rogue vehicle arrived slightly after his accomplice, securing David Faraday by the right rear of the Rambler - as he was second to exit.

He can secure David Faraday in two ways - facing him with the gun pressed behind his left ear (meaning he is a right-handed shooter), or securing him from behind with the gun pressed to his left ear (meaning he is a left-handed shooter). Either way, David Faraday is now helpless to influence events. From a ballistics standpoint, there is every reason to believe David Faraday had his back to the Rambler at this point.

If the Lake Herman Road murders were achieved by one person, unknown to the victims, who simply wanted to murder the young courting couple - one has to ask - why extricate both David Faraday and Betty Lou Jensen from the vehicle at all? There was extremely limited visibility that night, and the couple were effectively boxed in their vehicle like sitting ducks. Furthermore, David Faraday was executed at point blank range, behind his left ear, evident by the stippling marks noted at autopsy. If you have both victims out of the vehicle, positioned side-by-side, with your supposed pencil flashlight targeting them, why not just shoot David Faraday from a couple of yards away, thereby eliminating any risk of engagement. The Zodiac Killer applied caution in his three other attacks, blindsiding Paul Stine at Presidio Heights, shooting Michael Mageau and Darlene Ferrin while they were penned inside their Corvair, and keeping his distance at Lake Berryessa until Cecelia Shepard had bound Bryan Hartnell. He never gave the male victims a chance to take any counter measures. Without meaning to sound insensitive - which is not the intention - the Zodiac Killer could have just shot David Faraday in the head, face on. There was never any need to get into a position where you are pressing the gun behind David Faraday's left ear. Engagement, this close to a potential victim carries risk - something the Zodiac never portrayed in any of his other attacks. The suggestion being, that one assailant was securing David Faraday as Betty Lou Jensen was fleeing across the turnout, powerless to act.

The Zodiac stated in the 'Debut of Zodiac' letter "What I did was tape a small pencel flash light to the barrel of my gun. If you notice, in the center of the beam of light if you aim it at a wall or ceiling you will see a black or darck spot in the center of the circle of light about 3 to 6 inches across. When taped to a gun barrel, the bullet will strike in the center of the black dot in the light. All I had to do was spray them as if it was a water hose". The Zodiac Killer was clearly referring to the murder of Betty Lou Jensen when he referred to "spraying them as if it was a water hose", because David Faraday was executed from near touching distance. This may suggest, that the person who wrote the letter is the assailant who fired into the Rambler and murdered Betty Lou Jensen, and is simply recollecting the night from the first person perspective, not his accomplice's - who never sprayed anyone. The second assailant would then coldly execute David Faraday with a single shot. One assailant fired 9 shots, the other just one. This is borne out in the Department of Justice report which we will analyze now.  

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"Examinations have been conducted of all bullets and cartridge cases present in items 1 thru 8. Various markings on those exhibits  were extensively examined, evaluated and checked against records maintained by this laboratory and our rather large test bullet and cartridge file. As a result of these studies, we find that the exhibits correspond only with tests fired in J.C. Higgins Model 80 .22 automatic pistol.  It should not be assumed the exhibits must have been fired in such a weapon, but this is the only type presently in our files that corresponds, therefore, it appears somewhat probable the weapon was of this type. In addition to subjecting to further tests any J.C. Higgins Model 80 automatic pistol recovered, further tests should be made on any weapon having the following characteristics;

(A) Cartridge cases: Semi-circular firing pin impression at 12 o' clock position, small extractor markings at 3 o'clock position. Very faint ejector marking at 8 o' clock position (latter may not always be detectable).
(B) Weapon barrel or test bullets: Six right hand grooves, land and groove ratio 1:1+. Bullet groove width approximately 0.056 inch. Bullet land width approximately 0.060 inch". 


The report clearly states, that it must "not be assumed the exhibits must have been fired in such a weapon", but likely. 
These exhibits, however, are missing two vital pieces of evidence - one bullet and one casing - of which could have been fired from an altogether different weapon. If you don't test all the items recorded at the crime scene, it is impossible to rule out two guns or two shooters.

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The next line of the DOJ report is significant, stating; "Intercomparison of the cartridge cases in items 4 and 5 indicates that all are probably fired in the same weapon and all are the same make and type of ammunition. Due to lack of sufficient unique structure it appears that considerable difficulty will be encountered in identifying the responsible weapon if it should be recovered".  The cartridge cases mentioned in items 4 and 5 are the nine cartridge cases tested from the Lake Herman Road crime scene (recovered from the turnout floor). The problem is, that ten cartridge cases were ejected and removed from Lake Herman Road that night. It is with a high degree of certainty that the bullet casing lying on the floorboard of the Rambler, towed away to a designated location, was ultimately separated from the other nine and never reached the DOJ for testing. This means that any person of interest who has had a firearm eliminated as a possible murder weapon, has been incorrectly eliminated. The fact of the matter, is that without testing the missing cartridge case or the missing bullet, no firearm or person of interest could ever be cleared as a responsible, barring a solid and incontrovertible alibi.   
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Here is the crucial part of the Department of Justice report: "All bullets submitted were Western copper coated .22 long rifle bullets, although some were damaged, it was possible to determine ALL but Item [1] had 6 right hand groove class characteristics".

It states that it "was possible to determine" that 6 bullets had right-hand twist characteristics, which could mean that the one recovered from David Faraday was either unable to be determined, or didn't have right-hand class characteristics like the other bullets (it may have had left-hand class characteristics, indicating a separate and distinct firearm). However, the key phrasing is "although some were damaged, it was possible to determine". In other words, it was possible to determine that the bullet recovered from David Faraday didn't exhibit the same characteristics as the other 6 bullets, otherwise the statement should have read "it wasn't possible to determine the characteristics from the bullet recovered from David Faraday". If the bullet was too damaged, it would have been impossible to determine if it exhibited 6 right-hand groove class characteristics like the others - but the fact it wasn't damaged enough - meant it had sufficient detail and was seemingly able to be compared.

We can rephrase the passage from "All bullets submitted were Western copper coated .22 long rifle bullets, although some were damaged, it was possible to determine ALL but Item [1] had 6 right-hand groove class characteristics", to "All bullets submitted were Western copper coated .22 long rifle bullets, although some were damaged, it was possible to determine Item [1] didn't have 6 right hand groove class characteristics".  If the bullet recovered from David Faraday was too damaged, this distinction could not have been made. 

A reminder to earlier: "Intercomparison of the cartridge cases in items 4 and 5 indicates that all are probably fired in the same weapon and all are the same make and type of ammunition. Due to lack of sufficient unique structure it appears that considerable difficulty will be encountered in identifying the responsible weapon if it should be recovered". Items 4 and 5 are the cartridge cases retrieved from the turnout floor, not the casing recovered from the Rambler floorboard. This tenth was likely the casing ejected when David Faraday was shot close to the open passenger door. This casing has disappeared and was never tested, leaving open the distinct possibility that the bullet recovered from David Faraday, which didn't exhibit the same characteristics as the other bullets tested, is inextricably linked to the missing casing. This means we could have a second firearm, and thus a second shooter.

The DOJ report added "The best bullets were those in items 2, 3 and 8. Each of these were microscopically compared with the others but in no case was an absolutely positive identification possible. This is apparently due to the condition of the rifle barrel, which does not leave coarse structure on bullets fired therein, as well as the effect of the copper coating on the bullet. From our examination it appears that a conclusive identification of the responsible weapon will be extremely difficult, if not impossible, should it be recovered".  If you cannot identify the responsible weapon, you cannot be certain there weren't two, even if they were both J.C. Higgins Model 80 or otherwise. 

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This is where the 'missing' casing comes into play - the tenth casing not documented in the Department of Justice report, and the one observed lying on the front passenger seat of the Rambler station wagon.

​With David Faraday standing by the right side of the Rambler, facing away, a weapon pressed up to the left side of his head from this position would likely eject the casing to the shooter's rear (toward the rear of the gun), in a direct line with the open door of the Rambler, either deflecting off the door or landing unimpeded onto the passenger side floorboard. If the bullet that killed David Faraday was distinct and separate to the other tested bullets, this 'missing' casing may hold all the answers.

If the markings on this casing are similarly unique, compared to the other nine casings, then it is not inconceivable that a link exists between the bullet and casing used to murder David Faraday - and may implicate a second assailant on December 20th 1968.
There should have been a further item listed in the Department of Justice report: [10] 'One Super X cartridge case found on the front passenger side of the Rambler station wagon".  But there wasn't. ​

When we look at the Department of Justice report, coupled with the statements in the 'Debut of Zodiac' letter, it is not inconceivable that more than one person was responsible for the murder of David Faraday and Betty Lou Jensen back in 1968. The relentless pursuit of a single 'crazed maniac' may very well have been a false premise on behalf of the investigators, who likely dismissed this option far too early. The Lake Herman Road murders may have involved two perpetrators, with one falling by the wayside after the first crime, forever bound in silence. But there still remains a possibility that two could have been involved throughout the 'Zodiac' crimes. Whatever the case, the Department of Justice report has certainly left the door open to speculate.     

Department of Justice report.

Drew
2/21/2018 09:40:22 am

My golly Richard, to clarify your interpretation here, should we be interested in the possibility of a .38 being involved because they thought at first that there was a fresh .38 hole in the car? Should we forget about the .38 because they eventually reported that the hole could have been from a .22 after all, just like those found in the victims? I'm not sure whether the possibility of a second weapon has us looking for a .38 or another weapon that could fire a .22. I think I had forgotten about the .38 business because I never knew what to do with the information.

Either way I guess we still don't have any discernible motive for the killer(s) to force the passengers out of the car. I'm still interested in the drug angle but without knowing whether they were robbed (Betty-Lou's undiscussed purse) it's awfully hard to move forward with the theory.

I am still percolating on the christian numerology idea as well. Although the sophistication of sending messages through this method seems pretty far out, the fact you have compelling observations along those lines in at least three correspondences is starting to shift the probability for me. Can it be a coincidence that Pines, 13 Hole, Halloween Card, and My Name Is all just happen to have this consistency? Probably, but it is still very intriguing and I will continue to read anything you have on that. Certainly no one else on the planet is posting that kind of analysis!

Something else of potential relevance, Zodiac never used numbers as cipher symbols with the exception of the circled 8s in the My Name Is cipher and what appear to be 9s in the 340 (rather than backwards Ps). Not sure if that does anything for the theory or not.

Richard
2/21/2018 10:31:27 am

No, I'm not claiming it was a .38 Drew, just placed the introduction to show how investigators settled on one firearm. Without being able to determine conclusively "identifying the responsible weapon if it should be recovered", coupled with the missing casing and bullet, one couldn't rule out any weapon, even a .38 for that matter. They even said of the 9 casings tested, "that due to lack of sufficient unique structure it appears that considerable difficulty will be encountered in identifying the responsible weapon if it should be recovered" and the bullets in items 2, 3 and 8.it appears that a conclusive identification of the responsible weapon will be extremely difficult, if not impossible, should it be recovered." So between these less than convincing observations and missing evidence, no second weapon (or possibly more) could be ruled out entirely
The Christian numerology thing, I admit is open to criticism and I don't mind. Yet, the thing that struck me was the 13 Symbol and 32 Symbol ciphers both added up to 444, using the same code. (excluding geometric shapes, that it was impossible to attribute a name to. The 'peek through the pines' link about sums it up. If you are still not convinced, that's perfectly fine. I don't stand behind that article come what may. I understand theories are there to be blown apart. I am though shifting a little to the two person LHR, mainly on account that he had no need to approach David Faraday in such a manner. Even if he was 'hunting', as Judith suggested, he certainly didn't apply this to David Faraday, only Betty Lou. Coercing the couple from the vehicle which was totally unnecessary, is suggestive to me anyway, of a different agenda. One that could include two people showing off and goading each other on. The alternative is that Zodiac made errors at LHR and revised his methodology. But Drew, I accept that the two person LHR also has its flaws.

Drew
2/21/2018 11:32:57 am

Combined with the homemade accessories and strategies and personalized symbology that Zodiac seemingly utilized throughout his campaign my mind turns to the idea of a Zodiac-constructed apparatus. Skimming through the threads on Kaczynski with his homemade pistol, hood mask, false shoe heels, letters purporting to be from an uneducated author, etc, it seems possible Zodiac also may have made his own equipment and created his own character for authorities to chase.

The 444 appearing twice and having a coherent message in keeping with Zodiac's character is pretty incredible and I believe a statistician would find it hard to dismiss, especially because of the religious motif throughout, which has been firmly established at least within the character of the Zodiac.

Most interesting to me is that if he was capable of subtly infusing this numerology business into his sarcastic gloating messages it illuminates quite a dichotomy between the Zodiac he presented himself as (spelling mistakes, poor grammar, careless sentence construction) and the covert ingenuity of the codified messages. I fear that if he was this clever we may have to throw out a lot of previous assumptions about his operations. I've long thought he was smart but this could only come from a very patient and exacting personality. There's definitely a lot to consider here.

Thanks Richard

Rubislaw, I think the guise of a robbery if not actual robbery is very possible at every Zodiac scene. Whether he needed the money or not he took it from Stine (even if he only wanted the wallet itself) and may well have taken cash from the others. We know what most of the victims had after Zodiac left them (not much) but it seems possible that they did have cash when he arrived. I've never been able to decide whether Zodiac never extorted authorities for cash because he didn't need it and probably had employment or whether he just knew they wouldn't comply. Of course he may have tried this in letters we haven't seen, but I think money was at best a secondary concern. Who knows, time may tell that sex and money were concerns of the killer and he just didn't write to the cops about these other crimes.

Richard
2/22/2018 03:02:11 am

"It seems possible Zodiac also may have made his own equipment and created his own character for authorities to chase."
This is extremely likely Drew- he created his own character, Zodiac, and may well have painted us a picture to interpret where he worked, his home location, his intelligence and the workings of his mind. It may be, the Zodiac is polar opposite to the conclusions we have drawn for ourselves. I accept that mathematical interpretations of the ciphers and cards is fraught with danger, as it's easy to change the rules half way through to manipulate the answer you require. You see this with attaching numerical values to the victims names. Sometimes the proponent of a theory will use middle names to force the answer, when on other occasions they leave out the middle name, or will use just the initial. This is obviously forced. The true validity of a theory or otherwise, is can the same template be used through numerous codes and letters without deviation. It is so easy to have success through 80%, and then when the model breaks down, you search for ways to circumvent the model you have created. This is a forced solution. You are a level-headed and intelligent guy Drew. I suspect you know when your being sold a lie.
It is not difficult to write an article or theory with the intention of pushing the reader into a position where he/she must come to the conclusion you are pushing. By layering the circumstantial evidence against a particular person of interest, or layering on the mathematics, whatever your objective, many people will be convinced by the sell. The trick, I believe, is recognizing it when you see it. What I like to do is discover new angles on the crimes, without claiming this is the irrefutable answer. The two person shooter angle is not promoting the idea, just presenting an argument for it, without claiming it to be the definitive answer. I certainly don't claim to have the whole answer to the LHR mystery, and anybody who claims such a thing is being disingenuous. Working out who Zodiac is, is the 50 million dollar question. The reality is, is that we will likely never find out, and wouldn't probably recognize him in comparison to the myth we have collectively created

Rubislaw 32 link
2/21/2018 09:48:06 am

Very good in depth article,on LHR,Richard.

One has to really concentrate,to take it all in.

One particular point,that I should like to ask of you...or at least,your opinion :

There appears little doubt that David was shot in the head as he exited the vehicle,and one assumes that he,in effect,''presented'' that part of him,in his ''normal'' physical extrication of the vehicle.

It is all too clear that David received a bullet,at close range,but isn't it the case that,there is no evidence that a gun was placed up against him [?].

No ''hair splitting'' intended,but would be interested to hear your ''take'' on this specific matter....which,I am thinking,might be slightly different,from Paul Stine's ''execution bullet'' [?].

Drew
2/21/2018 10:02:15 am

I think it does seem as if David was shot while exiting the vehicle and in print four times Lundbald stated to reporters that he was found halfway in/out of the passenger side. I of course only know this because of Richard's notes. I believe this would be the mirror image of how Stine was shot.

Richard
2/21/2018 10:07:04 am

In the police report it stated that "it appeared to be powder burns on his left ear." http://www.zodiackiller.com/LHRPR2.html

Also, they had to lift up David Faraday's ear to show the bullet entry. I believe, although some may argue, that this bullet must have been fired from a gun pressed behind and under the lobe of his ear. I cannot see how this could have been achieved at distance. Here is a video clip https://youtu.be/HI0jnsbZwys?t=4m49s

Rubislaw 32 link
2/21/2018 10:21:04 am

Thanks for clarification,both Drew and Richard.

Farraday's shooter would have been in a standing position,and Stine's,more than probably,a sitting position.

Farraday's received a bullet,then,to below his ear.Stine received a bullet,to the fore of his ear [the temple].

But interesting that,in both cases,the gun touched the victim....i.e. point blank [?].

It's the ''ruse'' of a robbery,for me,on Betty Lou and David.

But yes,the door of possibility,that there could have been two perpetrators,must remain ''ajar'' [?].

Rubislaw 32 link
2/21/2018 12:03:35 pm

Yes Drew,it was never about money,for Zodiac.And extortion comes in different forms.

With newspapers,it could just be construed as stealing newspaper space,at the expense of the newspaper.Or,Joseph Bates and imposing ''menacing means''.

With Paul Stine,I believe there are the possibility of two reasons,for stealing Stine's wallet.Firstly,to make it appear as a robbery.But,more controversially perhaps,that Zodiac was retrieving a banknote,with his [Zodiac's] prints.

No...Zodiac was never after financial gain...it was about attention and glory....to make up for his hurt inside.

Zodiac had a well paid job,and was ''comfortable'',and still had ''young years'' on his side.

One thing that has occurred to me,more recently,is,that if the authorities do make a move to prosecute someone....they are really going to throw ''the kitchen sink'' at that person.

Murders,attempted murders,extortion of various types...even spitting on the side walk,if possible.Perhaps realistically,between 40 and 80 charges.

This will be to overwhelm any defence team,representing Zodiac.

The legal strategy being,to ''collapse'' the deck of cards,and avoid long drawn out ''plays''.

Lemonboy
2/21/2018 12:30:35 pm

I also believe that there might have been something in Paul stines wallet that might’ve led police to zodiacs real identity. Maybe some sort of business card or a phone number something of that nature,same reason he took the keys which most likely had his fingerprints.

Drew
2/21/2018 01:07:16 pm

I'm not crazy about the theory that the Zodiac was retrieving his own money from the wallet unless he realized that the exchange needed to occur before Stine would put the vehicle in park. Something like that is possible.

The business card theory is also interesting but even if Zodiac knew Stine previously and targeted him I don't think he could have known how to get in Stine's cab specifically that night.

Apparently the cap on the interior light in Stine's cab was broken, so my wild speculation is that the Zodiac tried to smash the light off which only made the light brighter (because the bulb remained in tact). His next move might have been to turn the ignition off (which of course he should have done first). After imprinting the keys he had to take them. My favourite nutters idea by far though is that Zodiac had to take control of the vehicle at Maple.

I think a more grounded explanation is that without the keys the police would have to at least temporarily leave the Zodiac's gruesome display on the street. For that simple pleasure he may have taken the keys. The wallet was surely taken to make it appear like a robbery (which I suppose it was) - The Zodiac's new MO. Interesting ideas fellas

Rubislaw 32 link
2/21/2018 03:33:18 pm

All interesting considerations,both Lemonboy and Drew.

And none of them should be dismissed.

I wonder if L.E.visit Richard's site and revel in our ''mental torture'' [?].

As I have referenced before,the real clincher,as to what ''went down'',that evening,between Union Square and the cab's final position,is to be found on Stine's Trip Sheet....second top entry :

345 Hyde Street

I wonder if L.E. well ever relent,and put us out of our misery [?].

Rubislaw 32 link
2/23/2018 04:55:32 am

Can't help thinking that your ''wild speculation'',with regard to Stine's interior light,is ''dead on the money'' correct,Drew.

Scenario : Zodiac removes Stine's wallet,and realises that if he is going to hang around,inside the cab,much longer,then the illumination of the cab,is going to increase the chances of being seen.

So,Zodiac attempts to extinguish the light,by using Stine's wallet to break it.

But,he only succeeds in breaking the lights cap....and ironically,causing there to be increased illumination,in the cab.

So,Zodiac just gets on with his required ''business'',as quickly as he can.

Nice one,Drew.

Rubislaw 32 link
2/23/2018 05:30:14 am

Here's a little anecdote,posted at our site :

When Toschi and Armstrong arrived at the Stine crime scene,the police,as instructed,were holding the crowds back,and away from Stine's cab.

But,also ensuring that Washington St. remained with clear access for emergency services.

So inevitably,some regular motorists found their way down,towards the crime scene,and were instructed to stop,causing a tailback of traffic.

Eventually,Toschi gave the order to allow the motorists to pass though.But,as a gesture of public relations,Toschi went up to the motorist heading the tailback,to explain the hold up,and apologise.

This happened to be the poster's father,with the poster,as a baby,in the back of his father's car.

After Toschi's explanation,he gives the roof of the car,a ''friendly tap''.

When the poster's father got home,he got really annoyed.

Toschi had tapped the roof,with his ''wedding ring'' finger,and chipped the car roof paintwork.


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    The Zodiac Killer may have given us the answer almost word-for-word when he wrote PS. The Mt. Diablo Code concerns Radians & # inches along the radians. The code solution identified was Estimate: Four Radians and Five Inches To read more, click the image.
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    The Zodiac Atlas: The Zodiac Killer Enigma by Randall Scott Clemons. Click image for details.
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    The Zodiac Killer Map: Part of the Zodiac Killer Enigma by Randall Scott Clemons. Click image for color version
    For black and white issue..
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Photos used under Creative Commons from Marcin Wichary, zAppledot, vyusseem, Alex Barth, Alan Cleaver, jocelynsart, Richard Perry, taberandrew, eschipul, MrJamesAckerley