ZODIAC CIPHERS
RICHARD GRINELL, COVENTRY, ENGLAND
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"A GAME OF DEATH" IN RIVERSIDE

5/9/2024

 
PictureJohn Loder starred as Don Rainsford
When "The Most Dangerous Game" movie was released in 1932, its associate producer, Merian C. Cooper, reflected on the evil of the human condition and stated "man is the most dangerous animal of all". This would be the wording used by the Zodiac Killer in his decrypted 408 cipher, solved by Donald and Bettye June Harden on August 8th 1969. Thirteen years after "The Most Dangerous Game" was released, "A Game of Death" starring John Loder and Audrey Long opened in US cinemas on November 23rd 1945. A poor remake of the original, the only real difference was that the evil Russian, Count Zaroff, had turned into the insane German, Erich Kreiger.

​This later movie featured on television throughout California from November 5th 1966 to November 8th 1966 - so if the Zodiac Killer was present in Riverside (or California) during this period, and was responsible for any of the communications down south - could this movie have had any influence on the phrases chosen in the Confession letters? Did the flawed character traits of Count Z
aroff and Erich Kreiger, who were insane, heartless, and psychopathic men with a thirst to hunt human beings, form the basis of the wording "I am insane. But that will not stop the game" in the Confession letters on November 29th 1966? That "game" being "a game of death", in which the insanity of Erich Kreiger and the Confession letter author created no barrier to the murderous game and ambitions of either.. "A Game of Death" in 1966 turning into a "Most Dangerous Game" in the Bay Area, two to three years later. The murders in southern and northern California cloaked under the banner of the Richard Connell short story of 1924. 

The film Rampage (1963) borrowed elements of "The Most Dangerous Game", including 
"The woman who was the most dangerous game of all", while using "Big, Bold, Bob Mitchum is on a Rampage" in its promotional advertisements, along with "They lived, loved and fought by the code of the jungle" and "His code was to snare everything". Bearing in mind the choice of words used by the Zodiac Killer in his code and letters on July 31st 1969, coupled with the crosshairs he adopted, which featured in the opening sequence of the "Rampage" movie, this production had many interesting parallels and appeared on US television screens in California just 11 days prior to Zodiac's opening communications. "A Game of Death" was showing in California three weeks before the typed Confession letters arrived at the Riverside Homicide Detail and Riverside Press Enterprise in 1966.

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The Riverside Desktop Poem, Confession letters and "Bates Had to Die" letters had a consistency of language that permeated all three, shown in this article (and the image below). Another point of interest, is that all three communications ended in similar fashion. The Riverside Desktop Poem finished with "Just wait till next time", the two Confession letters finished with "Beware....I am stalking your girls now", and the Bates' letters finished with "there will be more". All three, by implication, promising death in the near future. These Riverside communications had a consistency of menace and language, but they were all fashioned in markedly contrasting ways. One was written on a desktop in blue ballpoint pen (for the most part) in lower case handwriting. Both Confession letters were typed (with the envelopes in capital letters), and the Bates' letters were written in, what can only described as scrawl (with no consistency). One could argue that if all of these communications were authored by one person, then they had deliberately manufactured them with such difference of design, so as to disguise this fact to the reader. If deception was their intention, I would argue that they failed miserably because of the similarity of language that flowed from one to the other.  

"The Most Dangerous Game"
 heavily focused on a tense stalking sequence in the second half of the movie as Rainsford and Eve attempted to outwit Count Zaroff as he tracked them while wielding his prized Tatar war bow. The 1945 film mimics the original for the most part. Therefore, is it a coincidence that after the Confession letter stated "I am insane. But that will not stop the game", it concluded with "I am stalking your girls now". It appeared that the "game" was stalking women as prey. This stalking would seemingly continue on July 31st 1969, when the Zodiac Killer began with "I like killing people because it is so much fun - it is more fun than killing wild game in the forest because man is the most dangerous animal of all". Was the game employed by the Zodiac Killer, at least in a literary sense, continuing after 32 months? Was the Zodiac Killer operating in Riverside in 1966 (at least with his communications), or was he simply incorporating the story of Riverside into his current campaign of terror in the Bay Area of northern California?  
​
ADDITIONAL READING: RETHINKING "THE MOST DANGEROUS GAME" 
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Richard
5/9/2024 02:45:07 am

Hi Sandy, have you got this message.

Richard
5/9/2024 08:05:27 am

Have you received this reply in your email Sandy. If so, notifications are working.

Rubislaw32 link
5/9/2024 06:05:48 am

Yes most certainly Richard, to the influences surrounding ''The most dangerous game''.

''To Die'' links not only the Desk Top poem and Confession letter, but also then on to the Zodiac's letter to Joseph Kennedy Snr in July 1968, as part of a peppering of extortion letters to the Kennedy clan, in the wake of Bobby Kennedy's June 1968 assassination in Los Angeles (all posted from Boston): ''Jack had to die. Bobby had to die. Teddy has to die.''.

Not that I believe the Zodiac murdered Cheri Jo Bates - but this was the Zodiac as an already practised small-time extortionist, cutting his teeth on the subject of murder.

And ''The game'' rears its head again in September 1990 with the Franglais solution to the Celebrity Cipher. (granted I would say that, since solving it myself):

''...un jeu sans son SP nase.'' ? A game without its tired Secret Pa/ Secret Pal.

The only ones playing a game in recent years - are the FBI, with their ''defeating the ends of Zodiac justice'' games, including ''San Bernardino Delinquent-Man''.

Richard
5/9/2024 07:11:19 am

As a refresher for people Rubislaw, somebody wrote (on June 14th 1968), a handwritten letter to Mrs. Ethel Kennedy, Hickory Hill, McClean, Virginia, postmarked Boston, Massachusetts and was received at Senator Kennedy's offices, stating that "Jack had to die. Bobby had to die. Teddy has to die". Another letter from the same individual spelled "victim" as "victum", stating on June 17th 1968, "Do you propose "Tedd" to be the next victum".

Rubislaw32 link
5/9/2024 07:49:10 am

A good question - but I somehow doubt it. At that June/July 1968 time, I don't believe the Zodiac had killed anyone, and he was simply practising his ''nastiness'' as such. - as demonstrated already , by having a poke at Joseph Bates in April 1967.

The Zodiac's beef with the Kennedys seemed to be that they would put Teddy forward as a Presidential candidate, to replace Bobby, now slain.

Those Kennedy letters of menace might have been the end of it for the Zodiac. But, a year later in July 1969, the Chappaquiddick scandal broke - and there are indications that the Zodiac may well have become ''Teddy-focused'' , and for the next 11 years. Almost always mailing extortion from either Boston or Lynn, MA.

Ted Kennedy - an Irish Catholic Preacher Man from Massachusetts, who deserted a young woman in her hour of need - Mary Jo Kopechne.

Rubislaw32 link
5/9/2024 08:17:58 am

And, how did this come to be (?) - given that Vallejo vicinity was a work-posting of probably about two and a half years....and that Los Angeles was probably a primary home for most of the 1970's.

One explanation ''might'' be that much of the 1970's, the Zodiac was Western Europe work-based. With Boston and Newark considered the traditional air-travel gateways to Western Europe.

Rubislaw32 link
5/9/2024 02:46:56 pm

As someone who believes the best chance of solving the whole case is to be found in events ''after'' Bay Area (circa mid-1971):

The disappearance of Joan Webster is quite pivotal (Nov 1981 Boston's Logan Airport). After Joan's disappearance, the Zodiac replaced Ted Kennedy with Joan's father George, as a regular extortion target. Then, after Joan's remains were uncovered in April 1990, the Zodiac avoided Boston, and tended to exclusively use Newark Airport, including becoming Scorpion, who sent both ciphers & photos (strangely, of hermaphrodite prostitutes).

During ''Bay area'' I believe the Zodiac aspired to and became a resident of Los Angeles - for which he saw his future. But, he hadn't banked on increasingly becoming an overseas expatriate worker. In the end, he sold up on his Los Angeles future, and only returned to the US for regular short-business trips, and visiting of elder family.

Richard
5/10/2024 07:39:56 am

Rubislaw, I promised you I'd contact Dave Oranchak about what length a code had to be to guarantee only one solution. He kindly replied - and I doubt he will mind me sharing his answer. He stated
"You are referring to the "unicity distance", which varies depending on the cipher and encryption scheme. For simple substitution of an English language message, with a substitution key size of 26, I think the unicity distance is around 28. I think the Albany cipher has a key size of 24 and overall length of 51 which exceeds the unicity distance. So we can probably conclude that a key yielding a readable English language plaintext from that cipher is more likely to be correct because of this"..

Rubislaw32 link
5/10/2024 08:41:30 am

Thanks for the information, Richard.

I have no strong views, either for or against, on specific quantity of characters that a cipher needs to be to indicate it must be correct, in terms of probability. Just so many variables at the lower end of quantity. Such characteristics of the plaintext (solution) like abbreviations and a decision by the maker to switch to numbers, etc etc.

As a general view on the Zodiac - he was a keen crossword puzzler. Not in Don Harden's league perhaps - but very able, and crossword elements are bound to surface in his ciphers. The Zodiac was a self-taught crypto novice - but a fast learner. I believe he chided himself when the 408 was first published: It looked infantile, and unforced errors he had made, nullified any menace he hoped to convey. His pride was hurt, realizing some journalists were probably enjoying a good laugh at his expense. He never made that mistake again.

The ''51'' claim is interesting, in that it means (if correct) that the Zodiac originally planned it as 3 rows of 17 columns (3 x 17 = 51).

But I'm content to stick with ''52'' - 4 rows of 13 .columns (4 x 13 = 52).

Hopefully, one day CA DOJ will leak or publish the correct & clear Albany cryptogram. Till then the jury is out.

Richard
5/10/2024 09:43:17 am

His 408 was cracked easily, so he ramped up the complexity in the 340 cipher. However, because it contained a contemporary message I doubt he expected it to take 51 years to solve, by which time, the contemporary message was lost. His next long cipher was the 148 in 1971 (if you believe it was Zodiac). At this juncture it had been 1 1/2 years and the 340 was still unsolved, which probably explains why he made the 148 cipher so simple. He probably wanted the message to surface because it too was contemporary. The Zodiac Killer, whatever you say about him, must have known that his design of the Z13 and Z32 made any solution unprovable without heavy lifting or finding their key. My contention is, that because he had an adequate knowledge and aptitude of basic coding, these two short codes were not simple substitution ciphers. He must have thought there were enough attached clues in his letters to break these two ciphers. Every man and his dog has a solution for these two codes, so I'm not getting into the weeds of solutions, but the Zodiac Killer was certainly no fool, and knew he had to place additional clues in his letters to crack them. He realized this after the Z32 and added the Mount Diablo map a month later. My guess is that he did the same thing with the Z13. The Zodiac community has differing opinions on these two short codes, but I would hazard a guess that any solution not born from another card or letter (likely a later communication) will not be a correct solution. Some may disagree. There were part clues to the Z340 in the Z38 (or 39 in your case) on December 7th 1969, but seemingly little else. I find it hard to believe that a Zodiac who couldn't stop conversing with the newspapers, would keep Mum on his unsolved codes.

Rubislaw32 link
5/10/2024 10:14:08 am

Yes Richard - absolutely agree that the Z148 is the real Zodiac. And, good on those brothers who solved it.

I have that Z148 on the back burner as a hobby yet fulfilled. I think the Zodiac tired of writing out the cipher text half-way through - then decided to simply give the remainder in its solution form. Just a theory that the cipher was originally intended to be his ''2nd Z340''.

He appeared to be in a rush to convince that he had been responsible for Karl Werner's murders ?

I believe that the ''electronic'' Burger Chef 340 is the Zodiac, also. This, he put out on the Lake Berryessa 50th (2019). I've made a start on it, but it could take a long time. I believe he has upped the polyphone deployment.. ''It's about time'' - to coin a Zodiac pun.


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    The Zodiac Killer may have given us the answer almost word-for-word when he wrote PS. The Mt. Diablo Code concerns Radians & # inches along the radians. The code solution identified was Estimate: Four Radians and Five Inches To read more, click the image.
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