Another series of "Zodiac Killer" phone calls have been unearthed and sent to me by Jibberjabber, a previous contributor to the Zodiac Tapatalk forum. The first were received by Redding, California police on March 18th 1970, four days before the claimed attack on Kathleen Johns near Modesto on March 22nd 1970. Two calls were received - the first at 2:46am by police dispatcher Mrs. Wanda J. Derra - in which the person identified himself as "Zodiac" and stated "Today's the day_an Enterprise school bus". Several minutes later he rang again and reiterated the threat, saying "If you don't believe me just watch the kiddies tomorrow". Unfortunately, without any extra dialogue or information, it is practically impossible to determine the validity of this threat. The city of Redding straddles Interstate 5, approximately 140 miles north of Sacramento. The second series of phone calls from somebody claiming to be the Zodiac Killer were received in Middletown, California, threatening students from the Middletown Unified School District on January 19th 1971, just under two months before the Los Angeles letter was mailed by the Zodiac Killer. Middletown lies about 20 miles north of Santa Rosa, from where the Zodiac Killer aimed a bombing threat on school buses on October 15th 1969, before the threat on schoolchildren was released in the newspapers (L.A. Times Oct 16th, S. F. Chronicle Oct 17th). At 2:15pm somebody claiming to be "The Zodiac" rang the high school and stated "I'm going to get some of the monsters". When questioned by the person in the office who he was referring to, the caller added "The ones walking home". About 45 minutes later, at 3:00pm, an anonymous individual rang the household of one of the school bus drivers and spoke to his wife, stating "You don't have to worry about your husband tomorrow morning because he won't be coming home. Neither are the kids because I'm going to take care of them". Again, without any pertinent information being revealed by the caller, no verification is possible. The third series of calls were received by Redwood City and Belmont police in the Bay Area on Sunday, June 11th 1978, forty-eight days after the Zodiac Killer "I am back with you" letter was mailed on April 24th 1978. The difference here, was that all three phone calls were recorded by police. The calls, literally back-to-back, began at 3:20am with something like "I'm still around". San Francisco Homicide investigator James Tedesco revealed that the phone calls (similar to the 1978 letter) didn't contain any direct threats, and was unwilling to reveal how they were going to determine if the caller was the Zodiac Killer or not. Obviously, these are the most interesting of all the phone calls because they were recorded. However, like the Oklahoma radio station phone call on December 7th 1969 by somebody claiming to be the Zodiac Killer, the likelihood these recordings still exist today, or were ever played to Bryan Hartnell, David Slaight or Nancy Slover to give some indication of their authenticity or otherwise, will likely never be known.
On December 19th 1969, somebody claiming to be the Zodiac Killer threatened cops by making a phone call to Sergeant Robert Rengstorff of the San Jose Highway Patrol, stating "I am going to kill five of you officers and a family of five between now and Monday". This threat towards San Jose police and a family of five was issued on a Friday, exactly as was the November 21st 1969 letter, mailed to San Jose police threatening harm on a widow. After the threat on the widow was thwarted by 24-hour police surveillance on her residence, was this the response, to once again instigate fear in the San Jose community? The threat of killing "a family of five between now and Monday" is rather specific, almost as though he had earmarked a couple with three children. We know the Zodiac Killer read the August 4th 1969 San Francisco Examiner and August 6th 1969 San Francisco Chronicle newspapers, which may have inspired his attack at Lake Berryessa and certain subsequent claim to the Snoozy and Furlong murders by the addition of "Aug" on the November 8th 1969 Dripping Pen card. This was an obsession he would carry forward into 1971, referencing the Snoozy and Furlong murders at least two more times, if not three. The August 6th 1969 San Francisco Chronicle article, entitled The Frenzy Of San Jose Girls Slayer, read under the banner of Children "The other Furlong children are Glen, 16; Floyd, 12, and Pamela, 11. Furlong said he did not know and had not yet talked to Kathy's parents, Mr. and Mrs. Wilfred Snoozy. Both Snoozy, a carpet layer, and Mrs. Snoozy reportedly are in a state of collapse. Her funeral has been scheduled Friday at 11 a.m. at the Place Funeral Home in Los Gatos. Burial will be at Oak Wood Cemetery in Santa Cruz. Funeral services for Kathy will be held tomorrow (Thursday) at 2 p.m. at the Oak Hill Memorial Park Mortuary in San Jose. Burial will be at Oak Hill Memorial Park". The Furlong's had three surviving children called Glen, 16; Floyd, 12, and Pamela, 11, which ties in with the threat from the December 19th 1969 telephone caller to kill "a family of five between now and Monday". The rather obscure article about the phone call to San Jose Highway Patrol on December 19th 1969, threatening "I am going to kill five of you officers and a family of five between now and Monday", was somewhat mirrored by the person claiming to be the Zodiac Killer in Barstow, California on March 26th 1971. Not only did this individual make a phone call at 9:15pm to the KWTC radio station stating "This is the Zodiac. I'm coming out there", which he repeated and hung up, he also rang the radio station at 11:30pm claiming "This is the Zodiac. There are going to be four people dead in Barstow by morning", before repeating the statement and hanging up once again. The California Highway Patrol, as it did on December 19th 1969, also received a threatening phone call from the "Zodiac Killer" at 5:00pm on March 26th 1971. On December 19th 1969, I believe the threat was aimed towards the Furlong family of five in San Jose, so were the four people mentioned in this latest phone call in Barstow just a random and empty threat on four random people, or was the threat target specific? These are the only two "Zodiac" calls known to have been aimed at the California Highway Patrol, with both issued on a Friday, separated by 15 months, with the possibility of multiple targets. However, this doesn't reach the level of "beyond a reasonable doubt" that the callers on December 19th 1969 and March 26th 1971 were the same person, or the infamous Zodiac Killer.
THE ZODIAC KILLER PHONE CALLS TO BARSTOW [PART ONE] Thanks to Jibberjabber for his assistance in this matter. KSZL is a commercial radio station that is licensed to and serves Barstow, San Bernardino County, California, United States. The station is owned by California Communications of Barstow, LLC and broadcasts a news/talk format. The station first signed on in 1947 as KWTC. Originally owned by William T. Brown, Burton C. Boatwright, and Robert E. Reno—doing business as Mojave Valley Broadcasting Company. In June 1950, KWTC joined the Liberty Broadcasting System, an early radio network that carried live re-creations of Major League Baseball games. On March 13th 1971, the Zodiac Killer mailed a letter to the Los Angeles Times newspaper in response to him being connected to the murder of Cheri Jo Bates in Riverside on October 30th 1966. The letter stated "This is the Zodiac speaking Like I have allways said, I am crack proof. If the Blue Meannies are evere going to catch me, they had best get off their fat asses + do something. Because the longer they fiddle + fart around, the more slaves I will collect for my after life. I do have to give them credit for stumbling across my riverside activity, but they are only finding the easy ones, there are a hell of a lot more down there. The reason I'm writing to the Times is this, They don't bury me on the back pages like some of the others". This letter implied that he was still on the prowl for more victims, while insinuating his Riverside activity down south, in which he borrowed some of his wording from the movie trailer Vanishing Point (1971), a film released in the USA on March 13th 1971. The release date of the film marrying with the date this letter was mailed and postmarked from Pleasanton. The majority of the movie features car delivery driver, Kowalski, being pursued by police while delivering a Dodge Challenger from Colorado to San Francisco. Here are some of the key points from the Vanishing Point trailer, spoken by the narrator: "They want to get him and put him away, but there'll have to catch him first". The author of the Los Angeles letter stated "If the Blue Meannies are evere going to catch me, they had best get off their fat asses + do something". The trailer of the film continued with a host from the KOW radio station reporting the chase and remarking "And there goes the Challenger being chased by the Blue, Blue Meanies on wheels". Just under two weeks after the Los Angeles Times letter and release of this film, somebody claiming to be the Zodiac Killer rang the KWTC radio station in Barstow, California on March 26th 1971, stating "This is the Zodiac. I'm coming out there". This was spoken twice before he hung up. Barstow is located in San Bernardino County, 59 miles north of Riverside. Of course, this phone call could have originated from somebody with a beef against the authorities and/or residents of Barstow, using the Zodiac Killer pseudonym to engender fear in the community. However, the interesting aspect of the phone call was its delivery to the KWTC radio station, just 13 days after the Los Angeles letter using wording from the KOW radio station host in the Vanishing Point movie. When the Los Angeles letter was received by the Times, it is very doubtful that any connection was made between the latest Zodiac letter and the movie, let alone the choice of words in the letter mirroring the KOW radio host. Therefore, it is rather curious that somebody claiming to be the Zodiac Killer happened to choose a radio station relatively close to Riverside, following a letter that quoted a radio station and mentioned Riverside activity. Vanishing Point (1971) is about a long-distance car chase through the Mojave Desert. The main character, “Kowalski,” is a loner, a Vietnam War veteran, and an ex-cop. He is fueled by drugs that allow him to keep going without sleep, and successfully outruns the police every time a new pursuit begins. Las Vegas, often known simply as Vegas, is the 25th-most populous city in the United States, the most populous city in the state of Nevada, and the county seat of Clark County. The Las Vegas Valley metropolitan area is the largest within the greater Mojave Desert, and 2nd-largest in the Southwestern United States. Barstow is a city in San Bernardino County, California, in the Mojave Desert of Southern California, which is the natural route along the main highways from the Mojave Desert to San Francisco. In other words, Barstow is in the Mojave Desert, featured in the Vanishing Point movie, that was quoted by the Zodiac Killer in his March 13th 1971 letter, just two weeks before the phone calls to Barstow.
If one phrase summed up the Zodiac Killer, it was "the monster that challenged the world". The title of a 1957 movie starring Tim Holt - a western star, who inspired the comic book series and worked alongside such movie greats as Humphrey Bogart and Ginger Rogers. The majority of the underwater scenes in the film were shot at Catalina Island off the coast of Los Angeles. Other primary filming locations included the Salton Sea, as well as Brawley and Barstow, California. It is speculated by many Zodiac researchers that part of the Halloween card design was inspired by the Tim Holt comic book #30. THE ZODIAC KILLER PHONE CALLS TO BARSTOW [PART TWO] Thanks to Jibberjabber for his assistance in this matter. Of the three lengthy cryptograms crafted by the Zodiac Killer, the 408 cipher mailed on July 31st 1969 was his introductory message to the public, proclaiming his intention to collect slaves for the afterlife. The cryptogram was a simple homophonic substitution cipher, cracked in a matter of days by schoolteacher Donald Gene Harden and Bettye June Harden (née Tischer) of Salinas, California. The Zodiac Killer's next character laden cryptogram appeared reactionary, in that the design of the 340 cipher on November 8th 1969 was much more complex, despite the fact it contained a contemporary message regarding the "phony" (Eric Weill), who rang into the Jim Dunbar TV Show on October 22nd 1969 and February 5th 1970 pretending to be the infamous Zodiac Killer. Although the design of the cipher was arguably more difficult, it is clear that the Zodiac Killer underestimated its complexity and failings, resulting in the contemporary message contained within it being diminished and compromised by the passage of time. When the Zodiac Killer created his third lengthy cryptogram (in possibly May, 1971), containing yet another contemporary message about "phony" Eric Weill (and claimed additional "phony" Karl Francis Werner), the Zodiac Killer, this time, made sure his message would not be lost to the hands of time by manufacturing a cryptogram much simpler than the 408 cipher, by allotting just one ciphertext character to each plaintext letter. The only three times he deviated from this technique in the cryptogram was with the bold letter "G" that concluded the word "LISTENING" on the third row, and the letter "T" in "THE" and "FRONT" on the first and fifth row. The Zodiac Killer likely incorporated two deliberate errors on the first row when he used two misspellings within his "This is the Zodiac speaking" introduction. These deliberate misspellings, by adding and subtracting a plaintext letter, very likely created to add minor complexity, and prevent an immediate decoding of his cipher. Having used the letter "Z" in plaintext for the first time in three cryptograms, it seemed that the Zodiac Killer couldn't resist using the "sun cross" character (similar to his crosshairs) to represent the initial of his pseudonym. This becomes apparent when he uses this individual character to sign off his accompanying letter, rather than the traditional crosshairs or letter "Z". Victims of serial killers make up a very small percentage of the total number of murder victims each year. Communications written by such killers (and accompanying hoaxers) are even less. So imagine the percentage of serial killers and their accompanying hoaxers that mail communications to authorities with cryptograms and codes included within the correspondence. Now imagine two cryptograms contained within two letters unreleased into the public domain, both of which have many crossover features, that both use the ciphertext character "7" to represent the plaintext character "A" in the code, with both claiming to be from the Zodiac Killer, and both using the "sun cross" in their respective codes. These two letters were mailed from Fairfield, California (1971) and Albany, New York (1973). Now imagine mailing a 148 character cryptogram in 1971 using the root word "phony" that was previously used to describe the Jim Dunbar TV Show hoaxer Eric Weill in the headlines of a newspaper article on February 6th 1970, who was the focus of the 340 cipher solve in 2020, when the Zodiac Killer wrote "That wasn't me on the TV show" and effectively proclaimed the caller a hoaxer. A 340 cipher message that wasn't known to anybody else but the Zodiac Killer in 1971. Regardless, we must not let facts get in the way of the long told Zodiac narrative.
The Citizen Detective podcast is currently covering the Zodiac Killer case, having previously covered the pre-canonical murder of Cheri Jo Bates in Riverside on October 30th 1966, and the attacks at Lake Herman Road (12:20:68) and Blue Rock Springs (07:05:69), in two Youtube videos in excess of three hours duration. On April 19th 2023, the podcast will be covering the third and fourth attacks at Lake Berryessa (09:27:69) and Presidio Heights (10:11:69). Created by Canadian filmmaker Andrew Gray, with Production Assistant, Ashley Monroe, it is hosted by Mike Morford, Dr. Lee Mellor and Alex Ralph, with the aforementioned episodes having featured guest speakers Cloyd Steiger, a retired Seattle homicide detective, and Suzanna Ryan, Laboratory Director of Pure Gold Forensics. The back catalogue of videos have included the Colonial Parkway murders, the Idaho murders, the Barbara Nantais and Claire Hough murders, the Doodler murders in San Francisco, and the Short Family murders, to name but a few. Please visit their Citizen Detective YouTube channel, or their website at Abjack Entertainment.which features multiple true crime podcasts to enjoy. On November 29th 1966, one month after the murder of Cheri Jo Bates alongside the Riverside City College library, two confession letters were delivered to the Riverside Homicide Detail and Riverside Press Enterprise containing a sinister message. They read in part "Then I waited for her in the library and followed her out after about two minutes. The battery must have been about dead by then. I then offered to help. She was then very willing to talk to me. I told her that my car was down the street and that I would give her a lift home. When we were away from the library walking, I said it was about time. She asked me "about time for what". I said it was about time for her to die". If the good Samaritan, as he claimed in the letter, was offering to give her a lift home from his nearby vehicle, then it's fairly obvious that Cheri Jo Bates isn't going to willingly travel 3.5 miles back to her 4195 Via San Jose home with this individual and leave her prized Volkswagen Beetle with the windows rolled down, her keys in the ignition and the doors unlocked. Therefore, the idea that her killer promised her a lift home doesn't tally with the condition her vehicle was found the following morning. The January 1969 Inside Detective magazine described the crime scene, stating "The victim of the savage attack was clad in faded red capris, a long-sleeved pale yellow blouse with a ribbon tied at the throat. Her feet were encased in white sandals. A large red and tan woven straw bag was half covered by the body". This large bag can be seen in the crime scene photographs. If Cheri Jo Bates had arrived back at her vehicle after exiting the library and placed her library books on the passenger seat, one might have expected Cheri Jo Bates to have first removed this straw bag from her shoulder prior to rolling the windows, placing her key in the ignition and preparing to drive away (especially if the bag was slung over her right shoulder). This oversize straw bag would certainly have impaired her ability to shift gear in a comfortable manner while driving. If she had removed this bag to prepare to drive home and was forcibly removed from her vehicle in a surprise attack under the threat of a knife or gun, why under any circumstances, would she have placed the bag back on her shoulders under duress (for it to be later found under her body in the driveway) The Confession letter author claimed she was very willing to talk and leave with him, which would explain her grabbing her bag before leaving - but not the condition her vehicle was ultimately found the next morning. If the author was her killer, she had two minutes (according to the Confession letter) to remove the straw bag from her shoulder before he arrived and offered the young woman assistance. Recently I looked at the autopsy report of Cheri Jo Bates, which may suggest her being placed in a choke-hold at the moment the attack began, while the killer stabbed backwards into her upper body and right arm, before thrusting her forward (face down) into the hard driveway floor and "finishing the job out" by stabbing her in the back and slashing her throat. This would explain why her straw bag remained in contact with her body throughout (although not slung over her head as a method of carrying it). A vicious attack from the front, by a knife wielding assailant facing Cheri Jo Bates, is less likely to have her retaining control of a large straw bag throughout. None of the knife wounds to her front torso were immediately life threatening, so a savage attack with somebody thrusting a knife towards her (and into her) while she is mobile and able to run, is unlikely to create a scenario where her bag remained on her shoulder during this period. Her bag is likely to be dropped - and she is likely to move away. The chances that she would be coincidentally reunited with that bag later in the attack is extremely unlikely. The position of the straw bag under her body, on the right side, could suggest she had the bag on her right shoulder when the killer grabbed her around the neck with his left arm and stabbed backwards with his right hand. Her right arm would naturally come upwards to defend herself, with the straw bag remaining in relatively close contact with her body while upright. When the killer thrust her face down into the driveway, her straw bag fell from her right shoulder to the position shown in the crime scene. In other words, she was grabbed and killed in virtually the same spot in the driveway. To listen to a comprehensive discussion on the Cheri Jo Bates murder in Riverside on October 30th 1966, with contributions from Druzer and Michael Morford, please visit the Citizen Detective podcast on Youtube (running time 3hr 10 mins). As shown many times on this site, the Zodiac Killer was able to forage through newspaper articles many years previously to gain inspiration for the content of his contemporary communications. It was believed this was achievable with such ease because the Bay Area murderer, a voracious narcissist, kept newspaper cuttings from his published crimes and communications. One outlier correspondence mailed on December 27th 1974 to Mary Pilker, sister of missing nurse Donna Lass, came in the form of a Christmas card addressed to Mrs. Mary Pilker 1609 South Grange, Sioux Falls, South Dakota. It depicted snow covered pine trees with the already inserted message of "Holiday Greetings and Best Wishes for a Happy New Year", followed by a cryptic addition from the author, stating "Best Wishes, St. Donna & Guardians of the Pines". The question has always been - was this festive greetings card mailed by the Zodiac Killer? To answer this, we have to unearth the likely inspiration for the message, and whether the Christmas card was intended to be malicious or otherwise. Jibberjabber, a previous contributor to the Tapatalk Zodiac forum, forwarded me a newspaper article from the Sacramento Bee published shortly after the disappearance of Donna Lass, on September 24th 1970. This newspaper article, highlighted by Jibberjabber, had all the ingredients to create the 1974 Christmas card mailed to Mary Pilker, including her address. The article read: "Donna lived during the summer with Mr. and Mrs. Larry Lowe, a young couple who had planned to return to college but are remaining here also in the hope of being some assistance in locating her. Mrs. Lowe also is a nurse and worked with Donna from 1967 to 1969 at Santa Barbara. The missing woman was working at Letterman General Hospital in San Francisco when she was persuaded to seek employment at South Lake Tahoe by the Lowes last June. Donna was described by Mrs. Lowe as shy and retiring, a girl who never smoked, who drank very little and was generally opposed to the free lifestyle of many of her contemporaries. She attended church at St. Mary's in the Pines every Sunday". If Donna Lass attended St. Mary's in the Pines, it isn't difficult to contemplate how the author of the 1974 Christmas card invoked a religious element and arrived at the message "Best Wishes, St. Donna & Guardians of the Pines". If the Sacramento Bee (or another contemporary article containing this information) was the source of the inspiration for the 1974 Christmas card, would this lend credence to the Mary Pilker communication being mailed by the Zodiac Killer, irrespective of whether he had a hand in the disappearance of Donna Lass? We know the Zodiac Killer was able to source newspaper articles from distant years, so does the similarity in wording between the 1970 Sacramento Bee article and 1974 Christmas card, specific to the religious tendencies of Donna Lass, lean towards the Zodiac Killer being the author of this festive message to Mary Pilker in South Dakota. Thanks to Jibberjabber. Attorney Jennifer Taylor and investigator Chris Williamson are currently in the midst of a series of podcasts covering the Zodiac Killer case and the pre-canonical attacks in Southern California, which are often linked with the Bay Area murderer. The first two episodes, just shy of three hours each, with contributions from Raven & Mandy from the Sirens Podcast, feature several guest speakers from the Zodiac community. In the first instalment, Michael Cole, author of the The Zodiac Revisited book trilogy and website, is joined by Kristi S. Hawthorne, who unearthed a possible link between the murder of taxicab driver Ray Davis in Oceanside in 1962 and the murder of Paul Stine in Presidio Heights on October 11th 1969. The second podcast features somebody from England and Ross Geraci, host of the Planet X Filmworks Youtube Channel, who has compiled several videos on the pre-canonical murders of Ray Davis (1962), Johnny & Joyce Swindle (1964) and Cheri Jo Bates (1966). He is soon to release another comprehensive video on the murders of Robert Domingos and Linda Edwards in Santa Barbara in 1963
The Vanished Podcast, hosted by Jennifer Taylor and Chris Williamson, can be found on multiple outlets, such as Audioboom, Apple, Spotify, Podchaser, Podbean and Deezer, to name just a few. Here is a link to the Apple Podcast. The investigative duo have extensively covered many other cases, including D.B. Cooper (1971), Jack the Ripper (1888) and Amelia Earhart (1937). Part One: Vanished: Zodiac: "Sick of Living, Unwilling to Die" Part Two: Vanished Zodiac: “Many Undiscovered Victims” Part Three: Vanished Zodiac: "Trial by Jury" More episodes will be added upon release. Despite some interesting avenues having been pursued in the search for "Jerry" in the "Good Citizen" letter mailed on October 7th 1969, it is clear that the cryptic nature of the language adopted in this communication has made it difficult to interpret its meaning. Both the August 10th 1969 "Concened Citizen" card and October 7th 1969 "Good Citizen" letter were addressed to Sgt John Lynch of the Vallejo Police Department, both utilized the word "citizen" in the signature, both used the word "name" twice in the message, with the "Good Citizen" author referring to the "code letters", which can only be reasonably assumed to be the letters mailed to the Vallejo Times-Herald, San Francisco Chronicle and San Francisco Examiner on July 31st 1969 (and the 408 cipher). A footnote from Sergeant John Lynch concerning the "Good Citizen" letter stated that the writer has a strong feeling of ESP. While having these feelings, the writer writes with a pencil. "On occasion, while thinking of the code letters, the pencil wrote: Go to 56 Beach Street. I get the name Jerry, perhaps he knows people or his name is XXXXXXX''. The last major article featuring Sgt John Lynch and the 408 cipher, entitled "A Name in Murder Cipher", suggested the name "Robert Emmet the hippie" as one possibility, despite it being too long to accommodate the 18 unsolved characters at the foot of the 408 cipher. At the end of the August 12th 1969 article, Sgt John Lynch stated "We aren't sure Robert Emmet is who we are looking for. Maybe he'll send another letter and let us know". This request from Sgt John Lynch was specifically about the 18 seemingly nonsensical characters remaining at the base of the "murder cipher" and the search for a name. Therefore, the response of the "Good Citizen", stating "On occasion, while thinking of the code letters, the pencil wrote: Go to 56 Beach Street. I get the name Jerry, perhaps he knows people or his name is XXXXXXX", was likely a response to this conundrum. Sgt John Lynch was searching for a name in the 408 cipher, to which the "Good Citizen" replied: "I get the name Jerry" or "his name is XXXXXXX". The October 7th 1969 letter mentioning Beach Street (at the north-eastern edge of Presidio Park), just four days before the Paul Stine murder, is so cryptic in nature, it could be construed as unhelpful and possibly malevolent or mischievous in nature. There is a high degree of probability that the same author was responsible for the "Concerned Citizen" card and "Good Citizen" letter, bearing in mind the August 10th 1969 communication was not in the public domain by October 7th 1969. The two communications both offering answers to the 408 cipher, in addition to the aforementioned similarities. To believe these were authored by separate individuals would require a high degree of mental gymnastics. If we have the Zodiac Killer as the author for both of these communications - and consider the message in the 408 cipher and "Concerned Citizen" card declaring "I will not give you my name" and "please forgive the absence of my name" - then the offering of "I get the name Jerry" or "his name is XXXXXXX" as a possible solution to these 18 unsolved characters, would shed doubt on the credibility of, not only the "Good Citizen" author, but the "Concerned Citizen" as being genuinely concerned. If the author of both communications was the same person, we have two conflicting messages. If it's Zodiac, then he is likely playing a game. An individual who helpfully provides a valid key to the 408 cipher on August 10th 1969, while subsequently offering an array of unhelpful cryptic nonsense just two months later, appears to invalidate the original communication as a concerned citizen.
Does the name "Jerry" or the grouping of seven X's in the "Good Citizen" letter have any bearing on the 18 unexplained characters at the foot of the 408 cipher, or is it just another wild goose chase? One would like to think that the reference to "Jerry" or "XXXXXXX" had some meaning to its author and had some benefit to Sgt John Lynch, rather than complete nonsense that achieves nothing for the sender. The fact that the "Good Citizen" letter (if Zodiac) appears totally unhelpful and arguably bereft of a reasonable aid to solution, could suggest the 18 unsolved characters have no meaning to be found (in complete contradiction to the code key supplied on August 10th 1969 which did aid a solution). Whatever the case, it is with little doubt that the author of these two communications are one and the same - whether that author is Zodiac or not. On October 22nd 1969, the San Francisco Examiner newspaper published an article by Will Stevens, which laid down a challenge from Professor D.C.B. Marsh of the American Cryptogram Association (ACA) to the Zodiac Killer, attempting to coax him into revealing his name. The newspaper stated "Dr Marsh told the Examiner today: "The killer wouldn't dare, as he claimed in letters to the newspapers, to reveal his name in the cipher to established cryptogram experts. He knows, to quote Edgar Allan Poe, that any cipher created by man can be solved by man. Zodiac has not told the truth in his cipher messages to the Examiner, the Chronicle and the Vallejo Times-Herald. Zodiac has not done this, because to tell the complete truth in relation to his name -in cipher code - would lead to his capture. I invite Zodiac to send The American Cryptogram Association a cipher code - however complicated - which will truly and honestly include his name". It has been proposed that Dr. Marsh was invoking the name of Edgar Allan Poe to guide the Zodiac Killer down the path of creating a code featured in one of Poe's essays or journals. Just over two weeks later, on November 8th 1969, the Zodiac Killer mailed the recently solved 340 cipher. The scytale method of decryption, that can be used to reveal the message in Zodiac's 340 cipher, was featured in the opening section of Edgar Allan Poe's essay A Few Words on Secret Writing. The final section of the revealed message in the 340 cipher almost mirrored one of Poe's poems, The final line of the 340 cipher was probably intended to read: "I AM NOT AFRAID BECAUSE I KNOW THAT MY NEW LIFE IS DEATH. LIFE WILL BE AN EASY ONE IN PARADICE". "To One in Paradise" was written by Edgar Allan Poe. This poem was first published as part of the short story titled "The Visionary" (later retitled as "The Assignation"). The poem was also published under the names "To lanthe in Heaven" and "To One Beloved". The title "To One in Paradise" was used in the February 25, 1843 Saturday Musuem. This poem was written after the death of Poe's wife. He writes that she was his life and he lived for her and now he looks forward to the future where they will be together again in death. In the Zodiac Killer's 408 cipher, part of the message read: "the best part of it is that when I die I will be reborn in paradise and all the I have killed will become my slaves". The question has always been - what was the inspiration for some of the language he adopted? On of the overarching themes in the Zodiac correspondence was his plagiarized acts from The Mikado, a two-part comic opera by Gilbert and Sullivan which opened to the paying public on March 14th 1885, and was hugely successful, running for 672 performances at the Savoy Theatre in London. The Mikado is the most internationally successful Savoy opera and has been especially popular with amateur and school productions. The work has been translated into numerous languages and is one of the most frequently played musical theatre pieces in history. Setting the opera in Japan, an exotic locale far away from Britain, allowed Gilbert to satirise British politics and institutions more freely by disguising them as Japanese. The Zodiac would feature three acts from The Mikado in his July 26th 1970 and January 29th 1974 letters - leading many to believe the Zodiac Killer had an avid interest in the theatre, or quite possibly worked there. His Japanese style characters at the foot of the 1974 Exorcist letter could suggest an affinity to Japanese history or culture. Taken from Palladiummag.com: "The world of medieval Japan was one of division. The Emperor was, in practice, a distant memory; the shoguns had lost all control over their vassals. Even shrines and temples, once united in strengthening the state through prayer and ritual, now competed for believers and alms. Japan was divided against itself and circumstances forced its inhabitants to form new bonds to survive. Among the new alliances which this age produced were the Ikkō-ikki, a network of autonomous religious collectives that led major uprisings and controlled significant parts of Japanese society for nearly a century. Their final defeat at the hands of Japan’s warrior class set the stage both for a centralized Japanese state and the social hierarchy behind it. Nobunaga, head of the powerful Oda clan, conquered the capital city of Kyoto in 1568. In the years that followed, he made clear his intention to destroy the Honganji sect. The Patriarch Kennyo took him at his word and summoned all Ikkō-ikki from across the country to defend the faith with their lives. Despite graver circumstances than those faced by his predecessor Shonyo, Kennyo did not go as far as implying that those who fought for the Amida Buddha would be guaranteed rebirth in the Pure Land. Nevertheless, he threatened expulsion from the sect for those who failed to respond to the call and he did not crack down on those who raised the Ikkō-ikki’s now-famous banner of war: “Advance and be reborn in Paradise, retreat and fall immediately into Hell.” Bearing in mind the numerous plagiaristic references to The Mikado in his letters, along with the plausible connection between the afterlife poem To One in Paradise from Edgar Allan Poe and the wording chosen in the 340 cipher, was the Zodiac Killer influenced by the Japanese Ikkō-ikki’s banner of war “Advance and be reborn in Paradise" and an affinity for the country's culture and belief system, that ultimately manifested in part of his 408 cipher? Not so much a paradise lost, but a paradise found. In the police report regarding the attack at Lake Berryessa, Bryan Hartnell is quoted as estimating the Zodiac Killer's age as 20 to 30 based on voice concept. Despite the analysis of age based on somebody's voice being wholly unreliable, the age range given by Bryan Hartnell is often used by Zodiac researchers to partly validate a proposed person of interest who is within this range. The same is done with David Slaight, who received the phone call from the Zodiac Killer seventy minutes after the Lake Berryessa attack, who appeared to corroborate the earwitness testimony of Bryan Hartnell by describing the voice he heard at 7:40pm on September 27th 1969 as young (possibly early twenties). However, the following observations show just how unreliable it is to estimate somebody's age based on nothing more than hearing their voice. Bryan Hartnell and David Slaight's thoughts that the Zodiac Killer may have been somebody in his twenties will be called into question by none other than Bryan Hartnell and David Slaight. The San Francisco Chronicle released a newspaper article on October 24th 1969 entitled "That Wasn't Zodiac, Say 3 Who Know", in which Bryan Hartnell, David Slaight and Nancy Slover listened to the recorded voice of "Sam" on the Jim Dunbar TV Show. The article stated that "Bryan Hartnell told Napa County homicide detectives he remembers Zodiac's voice as being much older and deeper than the one heard in the series of telephone calls to KGO-TV. His opinion was backed up by Napa police Patrolman David Slaight and Vallejo police clerk Nancy Slover, who have also heard the real killer's voice". The voice of "Sam" was later found to be that of Eric Weill, who pretended to be the Zodiac Killer when interviewed by Jim Dunbar and Melvin Belli on October 22nd 1969. Therefore, Bryan Hartnell and David Slaight both described the Zodiac Killer's voice as "much older" than Eric Weill, who was aged 29 in 1969. This seemingly contradicts Bryan Harnell's earlier police report of a 20 to 30 years estimation, and David Slaight's recollection of a man possibly in his "early twenties". Somebody described as "much older" than 29, must be at least 35 to 40 years of age. Of course, both Bryan Hartnell and David Slaight could have been influenced by their perception of the voice of "Sam" (Eric Weill) believing him to be much younger when they heard the recordings. They may have thought "Sam" to be about 18, thereby making their "much older" perception of Zodiac still viable as somebody in their mid-twenties, or up to 30 years. This appears like a reasonable explanation for the discrepancy. However, if "Sam" was 29 years of age and sounded 18 years of age (11 years younger), then the Zodiac Killer could have been 39 years of age at Lake Berryessa, yet sounded like a man aged 28, in line with Bryan Hartnell's 20 to 30 age estimation. If Bryan Hartnell can mistake the age of "Sam" by at least a decade, he can mistake the age of Zodiac by the same amount at Lake Berryessa. This is why perceiving individuals age based on the sound of their voice is inherently flawed. So when Zodiac researchers use the interpretations of earwitnesses and eyewitnesses to argue their case for a suspect (or person of interest) fitting the desired age range, they employ confirmation bias and augment the attributes of some and not others. The testimony of Bryan Hartnell, Donald Fouke, Michael Mageau and the three teenagers, regarding the age of the Zodiac Killer, will be dissected meticulously to discredit and promote each that best fashions a case for their person of interest. Interpreting information to conform to an existing belief system, while ignoring information that doesn't conform to an existing belief system, is highly beneficial in crafting a false narrative and magnifying the likelihood an individual will be perceived as the Zodiac Killer by the reader. The problem is that everybody does it, but it's only recognizable in others. With information and newspaper clippings provided to me by Jibberjabber, a former contributor to the Zodiac Tapatalk forum, we shall take another look at the brutal and senseless murder of Barbara Bates Keenan at her 8 La Campana, Orinda home on Friday, April 10th 1970. The San Bernardino Sun on April 13th 1970 would cover the story under the headlines of "Police Search for Motive After Murder of Socialite". ORINDA (AP) -"She didn't have an enemy in the world" said the husband of murdered East Bay socialite Barbara Bates Keenan as detectives searched yesterday for a motive or suspects in the slaying. The 42-year-old wife of Oakland insurance executive Harold F. Keenan was found dead Friday afternoon in the kitchen of their home in the wooded hills of Orinda. The Contra Costa sheriff's office said Saturday an autopsy showed she was shot three times with a small caliber gun, once in the head and twice in the body. Mrs. Keenan also had been struck in the back of the head, apparently with an iron. The cord was found wrapped around her neck, the sheriff said. "I have no understanding of how this thing happened or why," said Keenan. "It's inconceivable." Sheriff's investigators appeared equally baffled. Intensive investigation, which included door-to-door neighborhood checks, produced no suspects or motive. Keenan said his wife received a phone call shortly before he left for work Friday and arranged one of her frequent tennis games for later that morning. The game lasted until 11:30 a.m. and what happened later is speculation, but Keenan said he believes she was attacked shortly after she returned home. Mrs. Keenan's daughter, Margaret, 14, discovered the body after walking home from school. Her son, Harold, 16, who had previously come home but had not seen his mother, called the fire department, the sheriff's report said. Her husband, Harold F. Keenan was cleared of any involvement in the murder of his wife, leaving investigators scratching around for any conceivable motive for the murder of Barbara, an educated and popular woman in the Orinda community. It has been estimated that the murder occurred shortly after she arrived home around noon. The home of Barbara Bates Keenan was located only 3,700 feet from the residence of psychiatrist, Edward C. Adams, who received a threat upon his family from somebody claiming to be the Zodiac Killer on October 17th 1970, just six months after the murder of Barbara. The pasted communication read "Mon Oct 12, 1970. Edward Adams. The Zodiac is going to change the way of committing murders. I shall announce when I shall commit my murders, The Adamses are Next. you taught me to mean it. ADAMS YOU ARE NEXT. Zodiac". The renewed reference to changing the way he was going to commit his murders, allied to the proximity of the Keenan residence to the Adams home, conjured up the notion that the Zodiac Killer may have targeted the Adams family because they too were well known in fashionable society, and this may have generated more publicity for the Zodiac Killer's latest communication. The proximity of the two residences - and the strong likelihood that Mr. and Mrs. Adams knew about the murder of Barbara Bates Keenan close to their doorstep - may have invoked a heightened visceral fear in the wording of "The Adamses are Next". It is possible that the Zodiac Killer knew about the April 10th 1970 murder of Barbara Bates Keenan and used the brutal crime to magnify the relevance of his latest threat on a family, that would otherwise have seemed like a random choice, without meaning. Could the families have been known to one another and frequented the same social circles? Another murder occurred in Alamo, Contra Costa on April 28th 1969, just one year prior to the fatal shooting of Barbara Bates Keenan, with many parallels. Mrs. Anna S. Aarons (49) was also found murdered in her residence in another seemingly motiveless daytime attack. Dr. Z. Alexander Aarons, also a psychiatrist, discovered his wife lying on the patio of their home at about 9:30am as he was preparing to go to work. The residence of the Aarons family at 2750 Lavrock Lane was situated approximately 9 miles east of the Keenan home. Anna Aarons had been bludgeoned in the head, not dissimilar to Barbara Bates Keenan, who received injuries to the rear of her head from what was believed to be a household iron. There is no suggestion that the Zodiac Killer had any involvement in the murder of Barbara Bates Keenan - only that he may have targeted the Orinda residence of the Adams family to create the notion that he may have been. Some Zodiac researchers have contemplated the idea that the Zodiac Killer may have read about the Adams family in a November 17th 1968 Oakland Tribune newspaper article that featured the Adamses home. The newspaper article, available on ZodiacKiller.Net, focused heavily on the design of their home and garden, referred to the family as the "Adamses", and showed an image of Mrs. Edward Adams. Although this was featured many years earlier, in 1959, a photograph of Barbara Bates Keenan was shown in the San Francisco Examiner newspaper in the Pictorial Living section under the title of "A Hillside Home in Orinda". This article also placed the home and garden front and center of the publication, along with an an image of Barbara Bates Keenan and her dog. The newspaper article also showed an image of her kitchen, where sadly she would be found viciously murdered just 11 years later. Hal Keenan wrote on April 10th 2014 "Thinking of my mother today. She passed away on this day in 1970, brutality murdered in our home sometime around noon. My sister and I found her when we came home from school. The photo is from May of 1959 when our house was in the Pictorial Living section of the SF Examiner. Gone but not forgotten. RIP Barbara Keenan". Closing in on the 53rd anniversary of the murder, time is not on our side in finding the perpetrator or perpetrators in the callous murder of Barbara Keenan, but hopefully one day, some answers may be found. Thanks to Jibberjabber for his assistance in this matter. The Albany Medical Center in New York, alongside the Albany Medical College, established a public radio station in 1958 carrying the call letters WAMC, that served parts of seven northeastern US states including New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Vermont, New Jersey, New Hampshire, and Pennsylvania. The Zodiac Killer mailed a letter to the Albany Times Union newspaper on August 1st 1973 stating "You were wrong, I am not dead or in the hospital. I am alive and well and I'm going to start killing again. Below is the name and location of my next victim. But you had better hurry because I'm going to kill her August 10th at 5:00 pm when the shift change. Albany is a nice town". It contained a code, which when solved read "(name) Albany Medical Center this only the beginning". There were many medical facilities in and around New York, so why would the Zodiac Killer target this particular location? Did he have some connection to Albany, or was it because the Albany Medical Center had broadcast capabilities to get his message out to a wider audience. Or both? Eight years later, on March 8th 1981, the Zodiac Killer would resurface in Atlanta, Georgia when he wrote to 1611 W Peachtree Street NE, the home of the television station WXIA-TV "11 Alive", stating "Hello its me. Haven't you people figured out who is killing these little people yet. I'll give you a hint, I used to be in San Francisco. I used to stalk women, but I like to kill children now. At all my victims bodies I have left certain clues, but I guess it's too much for you Rebels to handle. So I guess I'll have to tell you. I'll (to) kill children because they are so easy to "pick off: Buy the way, if you still have letters from the other murders, I am not writing in the same hand writing". Was the Zodiac Killer targeting public radio and television stations for a wider audience reach after many barren years in the newsprint media? The Zodiac Killer may have mailed far more communications to the newspapers than we currently know of - but without allying murder to his missives - his ability to attract column inches gradually dwindled. These are the only two letters that we currently know of that, were not only were mailed to radio and television stations, but carried small Zodiac crosshairs on the address side of the envelope subsequent to 1969 - and both were postmarked outside of California. Two letters, mailed eight years and 1,000 miles apart (seemingly distant from the bulk of Zodiac activity), yet both envelopes mimicked the October 13th 1969 letter, which also contained small Zodiac crosshairs on the address side of the envelope (and not available to the public in 1973 and 1981). The Atlanta letter made mention of San Francisco and used phrases borrowed from his October 13th 1969 and November 9th 1969 letters (both about Paul Stine), so it seems uncanny that his 1981 envelope would mimic the envelope postmarked two days after the Paul Stine murder in San Francisco. The Albany, Atlanta and October 13th 1969 letters are the only three envelopes known to carry the small Zodiac crosshairs on the address side of the envelope. None of these envelopes were in the public domain by 1981, so could not have been used by a copycat attempting to mimic previous communications (unless they were members of the press or law enforcement).
Forty-two days before the mailing of the April 24th 1978 letter which stated "I am back with you. Tell herb caen I am here", somebody made a telephone call on March 13th 1978 to an individual in the Mission District proclaiming "This is the Zodiac. Tell the press that I am back in San Francisco". The obvious similarities in the language indicates there could be one individual responsible for both messages. The person who received the telephone call is unlikely to be some random member of the public, but somebody relevant to the Zodiac Killer case who lived in the Mission District in 1978 and had some influence in passing on the message. It could be somebody in the media or somebody connected to law enforcement, so if anybody can offer a suggestion please post it on any relevant Zodiac forum. The incident was obviously taken seriously because it was personally investigated by Inspector David Toschi - and if not reported in the newspapers - made the mention of David Toschi in the 1978 letter even more curious, in accompaniment to the use of "I am back" in both messages, along with "Tell the press" and "Tell herb caen". This phone call was captured as a recording on a voice answering machine, but I suspect it was routinely dismissed as a hoax as many phone calls had been previously and likely lost to the hands of time, despite no evidence for such a conclusion. Much evidence has fell by the wayside through incompetence and lethargy in the Zodiac case, and this phone call is just another example of a missed opportunity. On May 5th 1978, just 11 days after the "I am back with you" letter, somebody claiming to be the Zodiac Killer phoned the San Mateo Police Department and falsely reported that a bomb had been placed in the Transamerica Pyramid at 600 Montgomery Street. This too had a loose connection to the 1978 letter, which mimicked the Melvin Belli letter mailed on December 20th 1969. Both the 1978 and Melvin Belli letter began the introduction with "This is the Zodiac speaking I", which were not only grammatically incorrect in both instances by failing to punctuate between "speaking" and "I", but were the only two communications to date that didn't keep the "This is the Zodiac speaking" introduction exclusively on one line. Something a copycat would have been expected to do, had he copied at least four Zodiac letters published in the newspapers. The 1978 and Melvin Belli letters also inversely mimicked each other by the use of "I can not remain in control for much longer" in 1969 (one example) and "I am now in control of all things" in 1978. Bearing in mind these comparisons between the two letters - and the Melvin Belli letter was mailed to 1228 Montgomery Street in San Francisco - it is unusual that the telephone threat on May 5th 1978 was directed against the Transamerica Pyramid at 600 Montgomery Street, just 600 meters south of the Belli residence. The law offices of Melvin Belli at 722 Montgomery Street, purchased in 1959, were even closer to the Transamerica Pyramid at a mere 100 meters. It should also be noted that the 1978 letter was thought to have been mailed in either San Mateo or Santa Clara County, just like the Exorcist letter on January 29th 1974. On April 28th 1978, the Chronicle reported that "Toschi said yesterday that the common, white envelope had no outstanding marks and that the single piece of plain white stationary on which the note was written contained nothing that would give us any indication where he might have gotten it. It was also learned that although the envelope bore a San Francisco postmark, other notations on the cancelation indicated that the letter might have been mailed in San Mateo county or Santa Clara county and was brought here for processing". The threat towards the Transamerica Pyramid was phoned into the San Mateo Police Department. When the Zodiac Killer last claimed he was to plant a bomb on June 26th 1970, he utilized the peak of Mount Diablo on the eastern side of San Francisco Bay in Contra Costa County, which dominated the skyline at 3,849 feet. When the Transamerica Pyramid was completed in 1972 it was the tallest building in San Francisco, with an elevation of 853 feet. Would it really be a surprise if the Zodiac Killer had chosen the two most prominent landmarks on the San Francisco Bay Area skyline to threaten its residents with bombs? The Transamerica Pyramid would also feature in the 2007 Zodiac film directed by David Fincher, shown in time lapse photography to depict the transition of time between Zodiac events. Here is a current description of the Financial Crimes Unit at the San Francisco Police Department: Tasked with the investigation of financial crimes including but not limited to: access card fraud, Bunco cases, check fraud, counterfeit currency, counterfeit trademark, embezzlement, false financial statements, forgery, identity theft, internet fraud, elder financial abuse, non-return of rental property, real estate and notary fraud, and theft by false pretense or deceit. This is the equivalent department that long time partner of Inspector David Toschi transferred to after leaving homicide detail. The transfer of William Armstrong to fraud detail was mentioned on August 26th 1976 in the San Francisco Chronicle on the same day an advertisement was placed in the personal column of the same newspaper, reading "ZODIAC, Your partner is in DEEP REAL ESTATE. You're next. The Imperial Wizard can save you. Surrender to him or I'll terminate your case. R.A." The use of "You're next" has been highlighted in several potential Zodiac communications, so it's not unusual to find it yet again appearing in a personal advertisement headed by the pseudonym "ZODIAC". The standalone use of the "Zodiac" pseudonym was allied to the pasted wording "YOU ARE NEXT" in the Edward C. Adams communication on October 17th 1970, and a letter postmarked Montclair, California (near Riverside) on November 10th 1969, addressed to an individual in Clarinda, Iowa, that carried the message "Mr. (redacted) Your Next. The Zodiac". Neither of which had been released into the public domain by 1976. Therefore, the author of the advertisement in the personal column was somewhat mirroring two communications they could never have seen, unless they were the same individual. The wording in the personal advertisement was clearly borrowing from the newspaper article about the Zodiac Killer, mentioning that David Toschi's partner was in DEEP REAL ESTATE. William Armstrong had transferred to fraud detail, which dealt in real estate and mortgage fraud (as shown above). It appears that the threat to "terminate your case" was a direct threat towards David Toschi, who was the only San Francisco detective currently investigating the Zodiac Killer case in 1976. Inspector David Toschi was also assigned to the "Zebra murders" investigation in the years prior to the placement of this advertisement. These racially motivated murders on white people in San Francisco in 1973 and 1974 were perpetrated by black muslims. On April 28th 1974 many arrests were made, with Mayor Joseph Alioti releasing a statement that read in part "The San Francisco police, under the leadership of Chief Donald Scott, have pierced the veil of a vicious ring of murders called "DEATH ANGELS." The local group is a division of a larger organization dedicated to the murder and mutilation of whites and dissident Blacks. The pattern of killing is by random street shooting or hacking to death with machete, cleaver or knife. Decapitation or other forms of mayhem bring special credit from the organization for the killers. Hitchhikers are a particular prey. "DEATH ANGELS," a kind of reverse Ku Klux Klan, is based on the muddled aberrations clearly outside the mainstream of Islamic religions. In my opinion, it represents as much a potential threat to Blacks as to whites. Members are usually characterized by trim, neat appearance, and purport to live by a puritanical code of moral conduct. They are fanatical believers in Black separatism. The training of young boys fourteen years of age and over in what they call "martial arts" is a practice of this group. It consists of teaching manual methods and techniques of killing or incapacitating". The Zebra murders investigation was heavily criticized by many black community leaders and the public alike, drawing comparisons to the Zodiac Killer case in the Bay Area. This was evident from KRON-TV News footage on April 18th 1974, in which Reverend Cecil Williams likened the actions of police to a race war and argued that innocent black individuals were being stopped by the police - often several times - based on nothing more than their skin color. He stated "When, in fact, the Zodiac Killer and his picture came out in the newspapers, as well as television, a print of what they thought the Zodiac Killer to look like, they did, in fact, not begin to create a dragnet and a police state as it relates to white participants. So it's inherently discriminatory". I think it is unlikely that the Zodiac Killer was not aware of the Zebra murders, his name being brought up by comparison, and the involvement of Inspector David Toschi in the investigation, in a climate described as a race war. The Zodiac Killer wasn't averse to implementing newspaper and television coverage into his later communications, so the personal advertisement that threatened "The Imperial Wizard can save you. Surrender to him or I'll terminate your case", could have carried a racial element pertaining to a perceived war on black people. The Zodiac Killer may have been suggesting to Inspector David Toschi that he needed to submit to the teachings of the Imperial Wizard and Ku Klux Klan as his savior or he would be terminated from his current case. This is the only feasible connection I could find to link Inspector David Toschi to the Ku Klux Klan, who were described by Mayor Alioto as the reverse of the "Death Angels". If the personal advertisement was placed by the Zodiac Killer on August 26th 1976, one has to question how he could draw inspiration from a newspaper article that was published on the same day. To fashion an advertisement based upon this article he would had to have had advanced knowledge of its contents, which could only be realistically achieved if he was somehow connected to the newspaper or law enforcement. Greetings to Mo from Egypt. |
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